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Warlord Soldiers: Chinese Common Soldiers 1911-1937 PDF

187 Pages·1985·4.269 MB·English
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Publications in the series are: Party Leadership and Revolutionary Power in China (1970) edited by John Wilson Lewis Authority, Participation and Cultural Change in China (1973) edited by Stuart R. Schram Mao Tse-tung in the Scales of History (1977) edited by Dick Wilson Shanghai: Revolution and Development in an Asian Metrop­ olis (1980) edited by Christopher Howe Mao Zedong and the Political Economy of the Border Region. A Translation of Mao’s Economic and Financial Problems (1980) edited and translated by Andrew Watson The Politics of Marriage in Contemporary China (1981) by Elisabeth Croll Food Grain Procurement and Consumption in China (1984) by Kenneth R. Walker Class and Social Stratification in Post-Revolution China (1984) edited by James L. Watson WARLORD SOLDIERS CHINESE COMMON SOLDIERS, 1911-1937 Good iron does not make nails, good men do not make soldiers DIANA LARY Department of Histoiy York, University, Canada The right of the Uni rent ty of Cambridge to prim and sett oU mannet of books was granted by Henry VIII in 1534. The University has printed and published eominaamty since ISS4. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge London New York New Rochelle Melbourne Sydney Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 irp 32 East 57th Street, New York, ny 10022, USA 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia © Cambridge University Press 1985 First published 1985 Printed in Great Britain by Redwood Bum Limited, Trowbridge Library of Congress catalogue card number: 84-23803 British Library Cataloguing m Publication Data Lary, Diana Warlord soldiers: Chinese common soldiers, 1911-1937. - (Contemporary China Institute publication) i. China - History - Republic, 1912-1949 I. Title II. Series 951-04 »774.5 ISBN O 521 30270 6 CONTENTS Acknowledgements ix A soldier of the Chihlian [Zhili] army, igs6 X Introduction I i Sources of soldiers 13 Mercenaries, volunteers and conscripts - the attractions of mercenary service - regionalised recruitment 2 Going into the army 24 Personal recruitment - recruitment through entrepreneurs - local authority recruitment - street recruitment - standards for recruits - recruitment of serving soldiers and bandits 3 Life in the army 36 Basic training and soldier assimilation - indoctrination - licence - army pay - soldiers* dependents - comradeship 4 Officers and men 49 Contractual and paternalistic relationships - neglectful and predatory relationships-social gulf between officers and men - officer maltreatment of soldiers 5 Bandh/soldier - soldier/bandit 59 Common characteristics and distinctions between soldiers and bandits - recruitment of bandits - soldiers turned bandits 6 Grey rats and grey wolves 71 Traditional levels of violence - the modern growth of violence - army depredations on the civilian population - vii Contents soldier violence towards civilians - looting - rape - theft - vandalism - the effects of violence - resistance to violence - the self-protective mentality 7 Bad iron 83 Stereotypes of soldiers - soldier mentality - Zhu Zhixin’s concept of the abnormal psychology of soldiers - the process of brutalisation 8 Leaving the army 9« Desertion - disbandment - retirement 9 Militarism and chronic violence IOI Appendix i Chinese soldiers - biographical notes 112 Appendix 2 4Younger brother’ (‘Didi’) 116 Appendix3 Reports of mutinies 123 Appendix 4 ‘In the army’ 129 Appendix5 ‘As the bandits do things’ «35 Appendix 6 ‘The murderer’ «37 Appendix 7 ‘Good and evil effects of war in West China’ 146 Appendix 8 ‘The words of a soldier’ 148 Notes «55 Bibliography 168 Index «74 Vlll ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have helped me during the research and writing of this book. My greatest debt is to Jerome Ch’en, to whom this book is dedi­ cated with my deep gratitude for all that he has taught me during the past two decades. Thomas and Evelyn Rawski have given me an enormous amount of help and encouragement, and the benefit of their perceptive criticism. My colleagues in Toronto, Gerald Jordan, B. M. Frolic, Margo Gcwurtz, Peter Mitchell and Victor Falken­ heims have all made different contributions. Other scholars in the China field have given me the benefit of .their comments: Chang Wenjin, University of Pittsburgh; Philip Huang, University of Cali­ fornia, Los Angeles; Li Zongyi and Qi Wenxin, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; Cai Shaoqing, University of Nanjing. Ramon Myers and his stafT at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, helped me greatly with materials. I also benefited from the use of collections in China. I thank Tang Biao and Sun Xiufu of the Second Historial Archives, Nanjing, and Ji Guilin and Zhang Kejiang of the Nanjing Library for their assistance. I received financial support for my work from the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and from the York University Minor Research Grants Committee. Chen Tiejian of the Institute of Modem History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, very kindly wrote the dedi­ cation for me. Doris Rippington and York University’s Secretarial Services did all the typing work, with great efficiency. Nikita, Tanya and Anna Lary did not help directly, but gave me the warmth and comfort to compensate for the lonely life of research and writing. A solder oj the Chihlum [ZhiUJ army, 1926 {photo by permission oj the BBC Huiton Picture Library)

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