War of 1812 PDF
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Wo1812-ttlpgs 12/6. qxp 9/29/03 12:11 PM Page 3 War of 1812 Kelly King Howes Julie L. Carnagie, Editor 2 Kelly King Howes 1 8 Staff 1 Julie L. Carnagie, U•X•L Senior Editor Carol DeKane Nagel, U•X•L Managing Editor f Tom Romig, U•X•L Publisher o Pamela A. E. Galbreath, Senior Art Director (Page design) r a Cynthia Baldwin, Senior Art Director (Cover design) W Shalice Shah-Caldwell, Permissions Associate (Images) Kelly A. Quin, Imaging and Multimedia Content Editor Robert Duncan, Imaging Specialist Rita Wimberly, Senior Buyer Evi Seoud, Assistant Manager, Composition Purchasing and Electronic Prepress Marco DiVita, Graphix Group, Typesetting Cover Photos: Washington, D.C. burning (front) and Dolley Madison (back) reproduced by permission of Corbis Corportation. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Howes, Kelly King War of 1812 / Kelly King Howes; Julie L. Carnagie, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p.) and index. Summary: A chronological overview of the events of the War of 1812, ac- companied by fifteen biographies of individuals associated with the war. ISBN 0-7876-5574-0 (alk. paper) 1. United States–History–War of 1812–Juvenile literature. 2. United States–History–War of 1812–Biography–Juvenile literature. [1. United States–History–War of 1812. 2. United States–History–War of 1812–Biography.] I. Carnagie, Julie L. II. Title. E354 .H79 2002 973.5’2–dc21 2001044240 This publication is a creative work copyrighted by U•X•L and fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The editors and authors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expres- sion, arrangement, and classification of the information. All rights to this pub- lication will be vigorously defended. Copyright © 2002 U•X•L, an imprint of the Gale Group All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Dedication “In memory of Gerda-Ann Raffaelle (1946–2001).” v Contents Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Words to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Research and Activity Ideas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv Almanac Chapter 1: The Forgotten War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Chapter 2: Establishing a Democratic Republic . . . . . . . 9 Chapter 3: An Unpromising Beginning. . . . . . . . . . . 29 Chapter 4: Gains and Losses for Both Sides . . . . . . . . 59 Chapter 5: Peace Is Promised, But War Continues. . . . . 91 Chapter 6: A Proud Nation Arrives at Peace . . . . . . . 135 Biographies Isaac Brock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Henry Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 William Henry Harrison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 vii Andrew Jackson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Francis Scott Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Thomas Macdonough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Dolley Madison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 James Madison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 James Monroe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Oliver Hazard Perry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Zebulon Montgomery Pike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Josiah Quincy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Winfield Scott. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Tecumseh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 William Weatherford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Where to Learn More. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi viii War of 1812 Reader’s Guide The War of 1812 remains a mystery to many people. In fact it is sometimes called “The Forgotten War” because only a few history students can recall why or where it was fought, or by whom. It followed so closely on the heels of the more ex- citing American Revolution that it seems to have gotten lost in America’s history. The War of 1812provides students with a clear under- standing of the issues that caused the United States to declare war against Great Britain as well as the motivations of the people involved in the conflict. The volume explores the im- portant battles of the war and how the victories and defeats gained by the United States evolved into a sense of patriotism by the war’s end. Through primary documents contained throughout the book, The War of 1812 also provides readers with a sense of U.S. attitudes toward Native Americans, Great Britain, and the war itself. Format The War of 1812is divided into two sections: Almanac and Biographies. The Almanac contains six chapters, which ix chronicle the war from its origins after the American Revolu- tion in 1783 to its end with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in 1814. Placed throughout the chapters are primary source documents, such as diary entries, letters, and newspaper arti- cles, that allow readers the opportunity to see how the war ef- fected ordinary people as well as political and military leaders. The Biographies section details the lives of fifteen people who had a strong impact during the War of 1812. Coverage includes political figures James Madison and James Monroe, first lady Dolley Madison, military leaders Isaac Brock and Thomas Macdonough, and Native American war- riors Tecumseh and William Weatherford. Primary source documents are also found throughout many of the biograph- ical entries. The War of 1812 includes more than fifty photos, il- lustrations, and maps, a timeline of key events of the war, a glossary, research and activity ideas, a general bibliography, and a subject index. Acknowledgments A note of appreciation is extended to the War of 1812 advisors, who provided invaluable suggestions when this work was in its formative stages: Robert Bolt Professor of History, Emeritus Calvin College Grand Rapids, Michigan Sara Brooke Librarian Ellis School Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Jacquelyn Divers Librarian Roanoke County Schools Roanoke, Virginia Thomas C. Mackey Associate Professor of History University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky x War of 1812 Bonnie L. Raasch Media Specialist C. B. Vernon Middle School Marion, Iowa Comments and Suggestions We welcome your comments on War of 1812. Please write: Editors, War of 1812, U•X•L, 27500 Drake Rd., Farm- ington Hills, Michigan, 48331-3535; call toll free: 1-800-877- 4253; fax: 248-414-5043; or send e-mail via http://www.gale group.com. Reader’s Guide xi Words to Know B Battery:A set of guns. Bayonets:Rifles that contain a steel blade at the end of the muzzle and used in hand-to-hand combat. Bounties: One-time sums of money paid as rewards for en- listing. Broadside:Firing all guns on one side of a warship at more or less the same time. C Cavalry:Soldiers mounted on horseback. Chausseurs:Deserters from the French army who had chosen to fight on the side of the British rather than go to jail. Commerce:Business conducted between states or with other foreign governments. Convoys:Ships that travel in groups as protection against an attack. Court-martialed:Tried in military court. xiii D Diplomatic:Related to international relations. E Embargo Act: A law that barred U.S. ships from sailing to any foreign ports and thus halted U.S. trade with other countries. Ensign:The lowest-ranking officer in the army. F Federalists: Members of the Federalist Party who favored a strong central government and disliked the idea of fighting a war with Britain. Frigate: A fast, medium-sized warship that carries between twenty-four and sixty guns. G Gunboats: Small, armed ships used mostly for patrolling rivers and harbors. I Impressment:The act of British officials boarding U.S. ships to capture deserters from the British navy. L Land speculators:People who buy land with the hope that they will be able to sell it for a quick profit. Louisiana Purchase: An area of land purchased by the United States from France that included the present- day states of Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, the part of Minnesota that is west of the Mississippi River, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, most of Kansas, the parts of Montana, Wyoming, and Col- orado that are east of the Rocky Mountains, and Louisiana west of the Mississippi but including the city of New Orleans. xiv War of 1812
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