War, Entrepreneurs, and the State in Europe and the Mediterranean, 1300-1800

369 Pages·2014·3.976 MB·English

by  Jeff Fynn-Paul

War, Entrepreneurs, and the State in Europe and the Mediterranean,
1300–1800
© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2014 | doi 10.1163/9789004271302_001
History of Warfare
Editors
Kelly DeVries (Loyola University Maryland)
John France (University of Wales, Swansea)
Michael S. Neiberg (United States Army War College, Pennsylvania)
Frederick Schneid (High Point University, North Carolina)
VOLUME 97
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/hw
War, Entrepreneurs, and the State
in Europe and the Mediterranean,
1300–1800
Edited by
Jeff Fynn-Paul
LEIDEN | BOSTON
Cover illustration: Foreground: Hans Holbein the Younger, Portrait of an Unknown Man at His Desk, 1541
(Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna). Background: detail from Agostino Ramelli, Le diverse et artificiose
machine del capitano Agostino Ramelli, p. 708, 1588 (Library of Congress). © Cover illustration design:
Jeff Fynn-Paul and Jay Kovacs.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
War, entrepreneurs, and the state in Europe and the Mediterranean, 1300-1800 / edited by Jeff Fynn-Paul.
pages cm. -- (History of warfare, ISSN 1385-7827 ; volume 97)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-90-04-24364-4 (hardback : acid-free paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-27130-2 (e-book) 1. Europe--
History, Military. 2. Mediterranean Region--History, Military. 3. War--Economic aspects--Europe--History.
4. War--Economic aspects--Mediterranean Region--History. 5. Businesspeople--Europe--History.
6. Businesspeople--Mediterranean Region--History. 7. Europe--Politics and government--476-1492.
8. Europe--Politics and government--1492-1648. 9. Europe--Politics and government--1648-1789.
10. Mediterranean Region--Politics and government. I. Fynn-Paul, Jeff.
D214.W374 2014
355.0094--dc23
2014004893
This publication has been typeset in the multilingual ‘Brill’ typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering
Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities.
For more information, please see brill.com/brill-typeface.
issn 1385-7827
isbn 978-90-04-24364-4 (hardback)
isbn 978-90-04-27130-2 (e-book)
Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system,
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This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Contents
Acknowledgements vii
List of Tables and Figures viii
Notes on Contributors ix
Introduction 1
Entrepreneurs, Military Supply, and State Formation in the Late
Medieval and Early Modern Periods: New Directions
Jeff Fynn-Paul, Marjolein ’t Hart and Griet Vermeesch
part 1
The Medieval Origins of Military Entrepreneurialism 13
1 Military Enterprise in Florence at the Time of the Black Death, 1349–
1350 15
William Caferro
2 Military Entrepreneurs in the Crown of Aragon during the Castilian–
Aragonese War, 1356–1375 32
Jeff Fynn-Paul
part 2
Early Modern Evolution: Varieties of Entrepreneurial
Freedom 61
3 The Military Enterpriser in the Thirty Years’ War 63
David Parrott
4 Public Service and Private Profit: British Fiscal-Military Entrepreneur-
ship Overseas, 1707–1712 87
Aaron Graham
5 Entrepreneurs and the Recruitment of the British Army in the War of
American Independence, 1775–1783 111
Stephen Conway
6 Suppliers to the Royal African Company and the Royal Navy in the Early
Eighteenth Century 131
Helen Julia Paul
vi Contents
7 Accounting for Power: Bookkeeping and the Rationalization of Dutch
Naval Administration  151
Pepijn Brandon
8 The Prince as Military Entrepreneur? Why Smaller Saxon Territories
Sent ‘Holländische Regimenter’ (Dutch Regiments) to the Dutch
Republic 170
Andrea Thiele
9 The Grip of the State? Government Control over Provision of the
Army in the Austrian Netherlands, 1725–1744 193
Thomas Goossens
part 3
Early Modern Evolution: Controlling and Circumventing the
Entrepreneur 213
10 Agency Government in Louis XIV’s France: The Military Treasurers of
the Elite Forces 215
Guy Rowlands
11 Centralized Funding of the Army in Spain: The Garrison Factoría in
the Seventeenth Century 235
Carlos Álvarez-Nogal
12 In the Shadow of Power: Monopolist Entrepreneurs, the State and
Spanish Military Victualling in the Eighteenth Century 260
Rafael Torres Sánchez
part 4
Ottoman Perspectives 285
13 Rewarding Success in Military Enterprise: Forms Used for the Incen-
tivizing of Commanders and their Troops in the Ottoman Military
System of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries  287
Rhoads Murphey
14 The Evolution of Ottoman Military Logistical Systems in the Later
Eighteenth Century: The Rise of A New Class of Military Entrepre-
neur 307
Kahraman Şakul
Bibliography 329
Index 353
Acknowledgements
The publication of this volume was made possible by the generous support of
the Flemish Research Foundation (FWO), The Netherlands Organization for
Scientific Research (NWO) and the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for
Science and the Arts, and stems from the joint NWO and FWO project “Net-
works of state and capital. War, military institutions and entrepreneurs in the
Low Countries (ca. 1670-ca. 1795),” which ran from January 2008–December
2011. Additional support was provided by the Free University of Brussels (Vrije
Universiteit Brussel) and the University of Amsterdam.
Copyediting services were provided by Elizabeth Stone of Bourchier: her
skills, diligence, and patience have greatly smoothed the production process.
The editor wishes to thank Griet Vermeesch and Marjolein ’t Hart for con-
tinued input and sound advice throughout the preparation of this volume. Guy
Rowlands, David Parrott, Rhoads Murphey, Stephen Conway, and William
Caferro also provided insight and encouragement at various stages in the
process. The editor also wishes to thank Cátia Antunes, Jeroen Touwen, and
Leo Lucassen, in addition to many other friends and colleagues at Leiden Uni-
versity who have helped to make the preparation of this volume much less
onerous.
The contributors to this volume have proven to be as diligent and collegial
as an editor could ever hope for; their professionalism has been inspiring and
impressive throughout, despite the many demands imposed upon them, some-
times at short notice.
A further debt of acknowledgement is owed to my wife Jennifer Fynn, who
encouraged me to take on the mantle of editorship. Her prediction that it
would not be the horror story that some claimed has proven to be entirely true.
Together with our children Patrick and Persephone, she has been keen to share
a globe-trotting adventure, and for this I am grateful indeed.
viii List of Tables and Figures
List of Tables and Figures
table Caption
1.1 Prices of military material in 1350 (in soldi) 23
1.2 Daily wages of labour at Scarperia in 1350 (in soldi) 29
5.1 Distribution of 278 of Scheither’s German recruits, 7 November 1776 121
6.1 Payments made by the RAC for ironware (1706–10) 138
6.2 Suppliers of guns to the Royal African Company (1705–13) 145
9.1 Number of participants in the auctions, 1726–40 205
11.1 Consignments in the Garrisons’ Factoría (1633–9) (Maravedís) 247
11.2 Number of soldiers in the garrisons 251
11.3 Amount of money annually provided by Centurión in some of his
Factorías (Maravedís) 253
Figure Caption
9.1 Contract prices of Van Overstraeten versus market prices for a 6-pound
loaf of rye bread in Brussels, 1732–44 207
10.1 Departmental control over the treasurers, and flow of funds to the elite
units (1669–1715) 222
11.1 Garrisons included in Centurión’s first Factoría 236
11.2 Places in Castile where Centurión received the funds of his first Factoría
(1633–9) 249
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Notes On Contributors ix
Notes on Contributors
Carlos Álvarez-Nogal
is Associate Professor of Economic History at the University of Carlos III
(Madrid). He received his doctorate from the University of Valladolid. He has
written on different financial topics in Spanish Early Modern History:
including banks, public debt and monetary problems. He has also studied the
pre-industrial economic growth of Spain before 1850. His work has been
published in Economic History Review, European Review of Economic History
and Revista de Historia Económica. His books include Los banqueros de Felipe
IV y los metales preciosos americanos (1621–1665), and El crédito de la
Monarquía Hispánica durante el reinado de Felipe IV.
Pepijn Brandon
is a postdoctoral researcher at the Free University of Amsterdam. He obtained
his PhD (cum laude) at the University of Amsterdam in 2013. His dissertation
Masters of War. State, Capital, and Military Enterprise in the Dutch Cycle of
Accumulation (1600–1795) will be published by Brill in the course of 2014. He is
currently working on the long-term consequences of slavery for the
Netherlands, focusing both on the enslavers and the enslaved.
William Caferro
is Gertrude Conaway Vanderbilt Professor of History and Director of
Undergraduate Studies at Vanderbilt University. He specializes in the history
of medieval and Renaissance Italy. Caferro is author of Mercenary Companies
and the Decline of Siena (1998) and John Hawkwood, English Mercenary in
Fourteenth Century Italy (2006), in addition to co-authoring and editing other
volumes. His most recent book Contesting the Renaissance (2010) traces the
meaning and use of the term “Renaissance” in the major debates of the
historiography. His current book project examines the economic and cultural
effects of warfare on fourteenth and fifteenth-century Florence. It tests
whether war, for all its evils, may have helped engender a Renaissance “ethic”
in that city.
Stephen Conway
is Professor of History at University College London. He is currently head of
department. He is the author of The War of American Independence (1995);
The British Isles and the War of American Independence (2000); War, State, and
Society in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Britain and Ireland (2006) and  Britain,