War by Revolution: Germany and Great Britain in the Middle East in the Era of World War I PDF
Preview War by Revolution: Germany and Great Britain in the Middle East in the Era of World War I
WAR BY REVOLUTION WARBY REVOLUTION Germany and Great Britain in the Donald M. McKale Middle East in the Era of World War I THE KENTSTATE UNIVERSITY PRESS Kent, Ohio, and london, England ©1998byTheKentStateUniversityPress, Kent, Ohio44242 Allrightsreserved LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber98-13285 ISBN978-0-87338-972-3(paper) Manufacturedin theUnitedStatesofAmerica LIBRARYOFCONGRESSCATALOGING-INPUBLICATIONDATA McKale, DonaldM.,1943- Warbyrevolution : GermanyandGreatBritainin theMiddleEastin theeraof WorldWar I/ DonaldM.McKale. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-87338-602-7(cloth:alk. paper) 00 I.WorldWar,19I4-1918-Diplomatichistory. 2.MiddleEast-Foreign relations-Germany. 3.MiddleEast-Foreignrelations-GreatBritain. 4.Germany-Foreignrelations-MiddleEast. 5.GreatBritain-Foreign relations-MiddleEast. 6.GreatBritain-Foreignrelations-Germany. 7.Germany-Foreignrelations-GreatBritain. I.Title. D62I.M628M38 1998 98-13285 94°.3'2-dc21 CIP BritishLibraryCataloging-in-Publicationdataareavailable. 12 II 10 09 08 543 2 to the Clemson College Classof1941 foritsheroicandcourageousservice in World WarIIanditsleadership in thepostwarworld CONTENTS Preface IX Acknowledgments xv Maps XVII Abbreviations XIX 1. Introduction: Britain, Germany, and the Middle East,1871-1904 I 2. The SpecterofMuslimUnrestandGerman Support,1905-1914 17 3· Germanyas Wartime"Revolutionary," Fall 1914 46 4· TheThickeningPlotand HolyWar, Fall 1914 69 5· FailedExpectations on BothSides, 1915 97 6. The GermanThreaton the Periphery,1915 120 7· ASense ofCrisis on Both Sides, Fall 1915 152 8. Britain asWartime "Revolutionary": TheArab Revolt, 1916 170 9· Towardan Allied Victory, 1917 200 ro. Epilogue:TheWar's End,1918 220 Notes 231 Bibliography 293 Index 315 PREFACE ThisbookexaminesissuesfromWorldWar I(1914-1918) in theMiddle East that are still relevant today.' Even at present, problems in the region stem from the war and the postwar peace settlements-con tradictory agreements and broken promises made by Britain and France with Arab leaders, most notably-which today remain unre solvedsources offrustration andbloodshed. Historiographyonthewarin theMiddleEast has emphasizedover whelmingly Britain's role in encouraging the Arab revolt in 1916 against Turkey and in establishing the Allies' controversial peace settlements. The latter dismantled what remained ofthe Ottoman Empire and placed almost all ofits former Arab territories under British and French rule. Most writers have focused on a key ques tion: whatinfluenced the British to implement these policies?They representedatthe timearadicalbreakwith Britain'straditionalfor eignpolicyofpreservingtheOttomanEmpire,andtheywere to have major, long-range consequences for theMiddleEastand the world. T. E.Lawrence, the principal British figure in theArab revolt, as sertedin the1920SthatBritainhadactedto assisttheArabs in achiev ing independence from a rotten and dying Turkey.' Subsequently, however, historians GeorgeAntonius,ElieKedourie, BrintonCooper Busch,C.ErnestDawn,RogerAdelson,SuleimanMousa,andAlbert Hourani, andmostrecentlythejournalistDavidFromkin, have dis credited that view. Their research demonstrates that Britain based its World War I policies in the Middle East on militaryexpedience, on the fear ofRussian and French expansion in the region, and on London'sintentionto dominatetheArabsandJews anduse themto replace the Turkish empire as a safeguard for Britain's postwar - IX -
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