War and society in imperial Rome, 31 BC-AD 284

223 Pages·2002·4.435 MB·English

by  Campbell, J. B

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IN IMPERIAL ROME
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3111 This well-documented study of the Roman army provides a crucial aid to
4 understanding the Roman Empire in economic,social and political terms.
5 The army was a dominant factor in the life of the Roman people even
6 in times of peace.Troops were stationed in the provinces,perpetually ready
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8 When Augustus established a permanent, professional army, this implied
9 a role for the emperor as a military leader.War and Society in Imperial Rome
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1 that the emperor’s political survival ultimately depended on the army.
2 Dealing with issues such as motives for waging war, the soldiers’ social
3 background,methods of fighting and military organization,Brian Campbell
4 explores the wider significance of the army and warfare in Roman life
5 and culture.This superbly researched survey is based on a wide range of
6 evidence including writers, inscriptions, coins and buildings. It provides
7 students with an invaluable guide to this important subject.
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9 Brian Campbell is Professor of Roman History and Head of the School
30111 of Classics and Ancient History at the Queen’s University of Belfast. He
1 has written several books and articles on the Roman army, including The
2 Emperor and the Roman Army 31 BC–AD 235 (1984) and The Roman Army:
3 A Sourcebook 31 BC–AD 337 (1994).
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WARFARE AND HISTORY
General Editor: Jeremy Black
Professor of History, University of Exeter
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AIR POWER IN THE AGE OF NAVAL WARFARE, 1815–1914
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TOTAL WAR Lawrence Sondhaus
5 John Buckley
OTTOMAN WARFARE,
6 THE ARMIES OF THE CALIPHS
1500–1700
Military and Society in the Early Islamic State
7 Rhoads Murphey
Hugh Kennedy
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THE BALKAN WARS, 1912–1913 SEAPOWER AND NAVAL
9 Prelude to the First World War WARFARE, 1650–1830
1011 Richard C.Hall Richard Harding
1 ENGLISH WARFARE, 1511–1642 THE SOVIET MILITARY
Mark Charles Fissel
2 EXPERIENCE
EUROPEAN AND NATIVE Roger R.Reese
3111 AMERICAN WARFARE, 1675–1815
4 Armstrong Starkey VIETNAM
Spencer C.Tucker
5 EUROPEAN WARFARE, 1494–1660
Jeremy Black
6 THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE
EUROPEAN WARFARE, 1660–1815 AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF
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Jeremy Black AMERICAN SOCIETY
8 Harry M.Ward
THE FIRST PUNIC WAR
9 J.F.Lazenby
WAR AND THE STATE IN EARLY
20111 FRONTIERSMEN MODERN EUROPE
1 Warfare in Africa since 1950 Spain,the Dutch Republic and Sweden as
Anthony Clayton Fiscal-military States,1500–1660
2 Jan Glete
GERMAN ARMIES
3 War and German Politics,1648–1806
WARFARE AND SOCIETY IN
4 Peter H.Wilson EUROPE, 1792–1914
5 THE GREAT WAR 1914–1918 Geoffrey Wawro
Spencer C.Tucker
6 WARFARE AT SEA, 1500–1650
7 THE IRISH AND BRITISH WARS, Jan Glete
1637–1654
8 Triumph,Tragedy,and Failure WARFARE IN ATLANTIC AFRICA,
James Scott Wheeler
9 1500–1800
ISRAEL’S WARS, 1947–1993 Maritime Conflicts and the Transformation of
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Ahron Bregman Europe
1 John K.Thornton
THE KOREAN WAR
2 No Victors,No Vanquished
WARFARE, STATE AND SOCIETY
Stanley Sandler
3 IN THE BYZANTINE WORLD,
4 MEDIEVAL CHINESE WARFARE, 565–1204
300–900 John Haldon
5 David A.Graff
WAR IN THE EARLY MODERN
6 MEDIEVAL NAVAL WARFARE,
WORLD, 1450–1815
7 1000–1500 Jeremy Black
Susan Rose
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MODERN CHINESE WARFARE, WARS OF IMPERIAL CONQUEST
9 1795–1989 IN AFRICA, 1830–1914
40111 Bruce A.Elleman Bruce Vandervort
1 MODERN INSURGENCIES WESTERN WARFARE IN THE AGE
AND COUNTER-INSURGENCIES
2 Guerrillas and Their Opponents since 1750 OF THE CRUSADES, 1000–1300
John France
3 Ian F.W.Beckett
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4 WA R A N D
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S O C I E T Y I N
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I M P E R I A L RO M E
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1 B C A D
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8 Brian Campbell
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8 U T LE
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2 Taylor&Francis Group
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London and New York
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4 First published 2002
by Routledge
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11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
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Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
7 by Routledge
8 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
9 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
20111 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004.
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© 2002 Brian Campbell
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All rights reserved.No part of this book may be reprinted or
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reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic,
4 mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
5 invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
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writing from the publishers.
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
8 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
30111 A catalog record for this book has been requested
1 ISBN 0-203-21949-X Master e-book ISBN
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5 ISBN 0-203-27459-8 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0–415–27881–3 (hbk)
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ISBN 0–415–27882–1 (pbk)
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WAR AND POLITICS
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WAR AND POLITICS
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WAR AND POLITICS
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CONTENTS
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3111 List of illustrations ix
4 Preface and acknowledgements x
5 Abbreviations xi
6 Emperors from Augustus to Diocletian xiii
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1 The origins of war 1
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20111 The Roman Republic 2
1 Augustus and warfare 4
2 Warfare after Augustus 9
3 Frontier policy? 16
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2 Soldiers and war 22
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7 Recruiting in the Republic 22
8 Recruiting in the imperial period 25
9 The social background of Roman soldiers 32
30111 Morale: personal motivation 34
1 Morale: the military community 36
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3 3 The nature of war 47
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5 The structure of the army; types of war 48
6 Battle tactics 51
7 Battle experience 56
8 Wounds 65
9 Casualties 68
40111 ‘The Romans always win’ 70
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CONTENTS
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The effects of war 77
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Paying for the army 83
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The military presence: internal control and policing 89
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The military presence: soldiers and subjects 91
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The military presence: economic effects 92
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The military presence: social effects 96
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Veterans 100
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Leaders and soldiers 106
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Civil war, militarism and praetorianism 113
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The later empire 119
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6 War and public opinion 122
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8 Augustus and military glory 122
9 War and public opinion after Augustus 132
20111 Buildings, monuments and statues 135
1 Coins 140
2 Public display 143
3 Imperial communication and response 146
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8 Brief chronological table 155
9 Notes 157
30111 Bibliography 189
1 Index 203
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ILLUSTRATIONS
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2.1 Scene from Trajan’s Column:Trajan addressing his troops 43
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2.2 Scene from Trajan’s Column:Trajan conducting a sacrifice 44
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3.1 Scene from Trajan’s Column: Mobile field artillery 54
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3.2 Skull from Maiden Castle 66
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3.3 Skeleton from Maiden Castle 67
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4.1 Monument of Lucius Poblicius 105
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6.1 Denarius of 28BC: ‘The Capture of Egypt’ 128
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6.2 Trajan’s Column 136
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6.3 Sestertius of AD 114 to 117 (‘The Bestowal of a King
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on the Parthians’) 143
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1.1 The disposition of the legions in AD 14 19
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1.2 The disposition of the legions in AD 200 20
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3.1 Possible formations of legionary cohorts 52
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3.2 Arrian’s battle formation against the Alani 55
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3.3 Agricola’s battle formation at Mons Graupius 62
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4.1 Carnuntum (legionary base and settlement) 98
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4.2 Rapidum (auxiliary fort and settlement) 99
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4.3 Timgad (veteran settlement) 102
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6.1 Forum of Augustus 123
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