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War and society in imperial Rome, 31 BC-AD 284 PDF

223 Pages·2002·4.435 MB·English
by  CampbellJ. B
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Preview War and society in imperial Rome, 31 BC-AD 284

1111 2 3 4 511 WAR AND SOCIETY 6 IN IMPERIAL ROME 7 8 31 BC–AD 284 9 1011 1 2 3111 This well-documented study of the Roman army provides a crucial aid to 4 understanding the Roman Empire in economic,social and political terms. 5 The army was a dominant factor in the life of the Roman people even 6 in times of peace.Troops were stationed in the provinces,perpetually ready 7 for war. 8 When Augustus established a permanent, professional army, this implied 9 a role for the emperor as a military leader.War and Society in Imperial Rome 20111 examines this personal association between army and emperor, and argues 1 that the emperor’s political survival ultimately depended on the army. 2 Dealing with issues such as motives for waging war, the soldiers’ social 3 background,methods of fighting and military organization,Brian Campbell 4 explores the wider significance of the army and warfare in Roman life 5 and culture.This superbly researched survey is based on a wide range of 6 evidence including writers, inscriptions, coins and buildings. It provides 7 students with an invaluable guide to this important subject. 8 9 Brian Campbell is Professor of Roman History and Head of the School 30111 of Classics and Ancient History at the Queen’s University of Belfast. He 1 has written several books and articles on the Roman army, including The 2 Emperor and the Roman Army 31 BC–AD 235 (1984) and The Roman Army: 3 A Sourcebook 31 BC–AD 337 (1994). 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 i WARFARE AND HISTORY General Editor: Jeremy Black Professor of History, University of Exeter 1111 2 3 AIR POWER IN THE AGE OF NAVAL WARFARE, 1815–1914 4 TOTAL WAR Lawrence Sondhaus 5 John Buckley OTTOMAN WARFARE, 6 THE ARMIES OF THE CALIPHS 1500–1700 Military and Society in the Early Islamic State 7 Rhoads Murphey Hugh Kennedy 8 THE BALKAN WARS, 1912–1913 SEAPOWER AND NAVAL 9 Prelude to the First World War WARFARE, 1650–1830 1011 Richard C.Hall Richard Harding 1 ENGLISH WARFARE, 1511–1642 THE SOVIET MILITARY Mark Charles Fissel 2 EXPERIENCE EUROPEAN AND NATIVE Roger R.Reese 3111 AMERICAN WARFARE, 1675–1815 4 Armstrong Starkey VIETNAM Spencer C.Tucker 5 EUROPEAN WARFARE, 1494–1660 Jeremy Black 6 THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE EUROPEAN WARFARE, 1660–1815 AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF 7 Jeremy Black AMERICAN SOCIETY 8 Harry M.Ward THE FIRST PUNIC WAR 9 J.F.Lazenby WAR AND THE STATE IN EARLY 20111 FRONTIERSMEN MODERN EUROPE 1 Warfare in Africa since 1950 Spain,the Dutch Republic and Sweden as Anthony Clayton Fiscal-military States,1500–1660 2 Jan Glete GERMAN ARMIES 3 War and German Politics,1648–1806 WARFARE AND SOCIETY IN 4 Peter H.Wilson EUROPE, 1792–1914 5 THE GREAT WAR 1914–1918 Geoffrey Wawro Spencer C.Tucker 6 WARFARE AT SEA, 1500–1650 7 THE IRISH AND BRITISH WARS, Jan Glete 1637–1654 8 Triumph,Tragedy,and Failure WARFARE IN ATLANTIC AFRICA, James Scott Wheeler 9 1500–1800 ISRAEL’S WARS, 1947–1993 Maritime Conflicts and the Transformation of 30111 Ahron Bregman Europe 1 John K.Thornton THE KOREAN WAR 2 No Victors,No Vanquished WARFARE, STATE AND SOCIETY Stanley Sandler 3 IN THE BYZANTINE WORLD, 4 MEDIEVAL CHINESE WARFARE, 565–1204 300–900 John Haldon 5 David A.Graff WAR IN THE EARLY MODERN 6 MEDIEVAL NAVAL WARFARE, WORLD, 1450–1815 7 1000–1500 Jeremy Black Susan Rose 8 MODERN CHINESE WARFARE, WARS OF IMPERIAL CONQUEST 9 1795–1989 IN AFRICA, 1830–1914 40111 Bruce A.Elleman Bruce Vandervort 1 MODERN INSURGENCIES WESTERN WARFARE IN THE AGE AND COUNTER-INSURGENCIES 2 Guerrillas and Their Opponents since 1750 OF THE CRUSADES, 1000–1300 John France 3 Ian F.W.Beckett 44111 ii 1111 2 3 4 WA R A N D 5111 6 S O C I E T Y I N 7 8 I M P E R I A L RO M E 9 1011 3 1 – 2 8 4 1 B C A D 2 3111 4 5 6 7 8 Brian Campbell 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 U T LE O D 9 R G 40111 E 1 • • 2 Taylor&Francis Group 3 London and New York 44111 1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 4 First published 2002 by Routledge 5 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE 6 Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada 7 by Routledge 8 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 9 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group 20111 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. 1 © 2002 Brian Campbell 2 All rights reserved.No part of this book may be reprinted or 3 reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, 4 mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter 5 invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in 6 writing from the publishers. 7 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data 8 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 9 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 30111 A catalog record for this book has been requested 1 ISBN 0-203-21949-X Master e-book ISBN 2 3 4 5 ISBN 0-203-27459-8 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–415–27881–3 (hbk) 6 ISBN 0–415–27882–1 (pbk) 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 iv WAR AND POLITICS 1111 2 3 4 5111 FOR KAREN 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 v WAR AND POLITICS 1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 vi WAR AND POLITICS 1111 2 3 4 CONTENTS 5111 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 List of illustrations ix 4 Preface and acknowledgements x 5 Abbreviations xi 6 Emperors from Augustus to Diocletian xiii 7 8 1 The origins of war 1 9 20111 The Roman Republic 2 1 Augustus and warfare 4 2 Warfare after Augustus 9 3 Frontier policy? 16 4 5 2 Soldiers and war 22 6 7 Recruiting in the Republic 22 8 Recruiting in the imperial period 25 9 The social background of Roman soldiers 32 30111 Morale: personal motivation 34 1 Morale: the military community 36 2 3 3 The nature of war 47 4 5 The structure of the army; types of war 48 6 Battle tactics 51 7 Battle experience 56 8 Wounds 65 9 Casualties 68 40111 ‘The Romans always win’ 70 1 2 3 44111 vii CONTENTS 1111 4 War and the community 77 2 The effects of war 77 3 Paying for the army 83 4 The military presence: internal control and policing 89 5 The military presence: soldiers and subjects 91 6 The military presence: economic effects 92 7 The military presence: social effects 96 8 Veterans 100 9 1011 1 5 War and politics 106 2 Leaders and soldiers 106 3111 Civil war, militarism and praetorianism 113 4 The later empire 119 5 6 6 War and public opinion 122 7 8 Augustus and military glory 122 9 War and public opinion after Augustus 132 20111 Buildings, monuments and statues 135 1 Coins 140 2 Public display 143 3 Imperial communication and response 146 4 5 7 Epilogue 151 6 7 8 Brief chronological table 155 9 Notes 157 30111 Bibliography 189 1 Index 203 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 viii WAR AND POLITICS 1111 2 3 4 ILLUSTRATIONS 511 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 Plates 4 2.1 Scene from Trajan’s Column:Trajan addressing his troops 43 5 2.2 Scene from Trajan’s Column:Trajan conducting a sacrifice 44 6 3.1 Scene from Trajan’s Column: Mobile field artillery 54 7 3.2 Skull from Maiden Castle 66 8 3.3 Skeleton from Maiden Castle 67 9 4.1 Monument of Lucius Poblicius 105 20111 6.1 Denarius of 28BC: ‘The Capture of Egypt’ 128 1 6.2 Trajan’s Column 136 2 6.3 Sestertius of AD 114 to 117 (‘The Bestowal of a King 3 on the Parthians’) 143 4 5 6 Figures 7 1.1 The disposition of the legions in AD 14 19 8 1.2 The disposition of the legions in AD 200 20 9 3.1 Possible formations of legionary cohorts 52 30111 3.2 Arrian’s battle formation against the Alani 55 1 3.3 Agricola’s battle formation at Mons Graupius 62 2 4.1 Carnuntum (legionary base and settlement) 98 3 4.2 Rapidum (auxiliary fort and settlement) 99 4 4.3 Timgad (veteran settlement) 102 5 6.1 Forum of Augustus 123 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 ix

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