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War and Slavery in Sudan - Antropologias PDF

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War and Slavery in Sudan Jok Madut Jok UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS 9 2 2 f o 1 t e e h s / N A D U S N I War and Slavery in Sudan Y R E V A L S D N A R A W / k o J 0 8 2 6 3 0 1 : T S D 1 1 : 6 1 4 1 . 3 . 1 0 0 2 g n e s T 9 2 2 f o 2 t e e h s / N A D U S N I Y TheEthnographyof PoliticalViolence R E V A CynthiaKeppleyMahmood,SeriesEditor L S D N A R A W / Acompletelistofbooksintheseries k o J isavailablefromthepublisher. 0 8 2 6 3 0 1 : T S D 1 1 : 6 1 4 1 . 3 . 1 0 0 2 g n e s T 9 2 2 f o 3 t e e h s / N A D U S N War and Slavery in Sudan I Y R E V A L S D Jok Madut Jok N A R A W / k o J 0 8 2 6 PENN 3 0 1     : T S D Philadelphia 1 1 : 6 1 4 1 . 3 . 1 0 0 2 g n e s T 9 2 2 f o 4 t e e h s / N A D U S N I Y Copyright©2001UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress R VE Allrightsreserved LA PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaper S D N 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 A R WA Publishedby / UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress k Philadelphia,Pennsylvania19104-4011 o J 80 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData 62 Jok,JokMadut. WarandslaveryinSudan/JokMadutJok. p. cm.—(Theethnographyofpoliticalviolence) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-8122-3595-9(cloth:alk.paper)— ISBN0-8122-1762-4(pbk.:alk.paper) 1.Slavery—Sudan. 2.Sudan—History—CivilWar,1983– 3.Racism—Sudan. I.Title. II.Series. HT1381.J65 2001 305.8'009624—dc21 00-052774 3 0 1 : T S D 1 1 : 6 1 4 1 . 3 . 1 0 0 2 g n e s T 9 2 2 f o 5 t e e h s / N A D U S N I Y Contents R E V A L S D N A R A W / k o J 0 8 2 6 Preface vii Introduction SlaveryinSudan:DefinitionsandOutlines 1 PartI TheNewSlaveryinSudan 1 TheRevivalofSlaveryDuringtheCivilWar:Factsand Testimonies 21 2 SlaveryintheShadowoftheCivilWar:ProblemsintheStudyof SudaneseSlavery 42 3 TheSufferingoftheSouthintheNorth-SouthConflict 66 PartII UnderlyingCausesoftheRevivalofSlaveryinSudan 4 TheLegacyofRace 87 5 TheSouth-NorthPopulationDisplacement 107 6 ThePolitical-EconomicConflict 131 Conclusion HasNoOneHeardUsCallforHelp?Sudanese SlaveryandInternationalOpinion 153 Notes 181 Bibliography 197 Index 201 3 0 1 : T S D 1 1 : 6 1 4 1 . 3 . 1 0 0 2 g n e s T This page intentionally left blank 9 2 2 f o 7 t e e h s / N A D U S N I Y Preface R E V A L S D N A R A W / k o J 0 8 2 6 TheMurahileenchainpeople asthefishermanchainshiscatchwitharope TheMurahileentakeusintoservitudeintheirland TheMurahileendragusonthesurfaceofourland butwewillnotletgoofourland Sudanisourland This verse is from a Dinka song that describes the experience of the peopleofSouthSudanandtheNubaofcentralSudanwiththerecently revivedslaveryandslavetrade.ItwasinsomewaysinevitablethatIwould focus on this area of study. I am a South Sudanese anthropologist who has been studying Sudan all my academic life. I now teach at a univer- sityintheUnitedStates.MycareerasaSudanist,withoutadoubt,began withtheknowledgeIacquiredfrompersonalexperienceasanativeson. But this knowledge became more specialized after 1993 when I under- tookfieldstudyinSouthSudanformydoctorateattheUniversityofCali- fornia, Los Angeles.That research project examined the impact of the unresolvedNorth-Southcivilwaronthefamily,genderrelations,andre- 1 productive health in northern Bahr el-Ghazal in southwestern Sudan. Moreover, while I was in Bahr el-Ghazal conducting research, I also worked for a humanitarian relief agency, and this role enabled me to travelextensivelyintheareasthathavenowbecomethesubjectofthis book. Having been seriously understudied due to war, which made travel in the region difficult, South Sudan presents an ambitious researcher with the temptation to do it all. Therefore, while I was documenting 3 0 theinteractionbetweenthebehaviorsandattitudesofmilitarizedyouth, 1 T: on the one hand, and traditional gender relations, on the other, dur- S D ingmyfirstperiodoffieldwork,myresearchextendedintomoreissues 1 1 : 6 1 4 1 . 3 . 1 0 0 2 g n e s T 9 2 2 f o 8 t e e h s / viii Preface N A D SU than I had planned. Such topics as household decision making regard- N ing pregnancy, abortion, sexuality and sexual violence, sexually trans- I Y mitted diseases, childbirth, care for the young, and other reproductive VER healthissuestookthecenterstageofmydissertationresearch.2Yet,the A L temptationtodocumentothertragediessuchasgovernmentmilitiaraid- S D ing, displacement, loss of assets, preemptive migration, and the dismal N A futureofthefamilywasfartoogreattoresist.By1995,abouttwelveyears R A after the second round of the civil war began, South Sudan had lost a W / thirdofitspopulationtowar,famine,anddisplacementtotheNorthor ok neighboringcountries.Sufferingaboundedandtherewasanimmediate J needtounderstandit.Basicserviceswerealmostcompletelynonexistent 0 8 2 andmortalityrateswereextremelyhigh.Thetraditionalstructureofthe 6 familywassoreconfiguredthattheindividualpersonwasleftwithoutthe carethatthesocietyhadalwaysprovidedintimesofneed.Peoplewere inastateofalmosttotaldespair,andtherewasnoendtothismiseryin sight.Thereisstillnone. IreturnedtoCaliforniain1995withloadsofnotebooksonvariedtop- icsaftertwoyearsofdissertationresearch.IwentbacktoSouthSudan everysummerthereafter.Thetopicforthepresentstudybecameclearin mymindin1998becauseofmyowninterestinquestionsofethnicnation- alismandnationbuildingandtheneedtoexposethetragichumanrights situationinSudan. This book chronicles the current wave of slavery in Sudan.The his- tory of slavery in Sudan goes as far back as the earliest alien encroach- ment,butthecurrentrevivalbeganin1983withthebeginningofthesec- ond round of North-South conflict. Northern Sudanese Arabs capture and sell (or exploit in other ways) large numbers of African Sudanese, primarily the Dinka, Nuer, and Nuba of central Sudan.The Arab slave raiders,althoughtraditionallyhostiletoNuerandDinka,arecurrently engagedinslavetakingforslightlydifferentreasonsthanbeforethecivil war.Sincethebeginningofthewar,successivegovernmentsinKhartoum havesoughtdifferentmeanstoexploitthetraditionalanimositybetween the Dinka and the Arabs and have supported the Arab side in order to fight the war by proxy.These cattle-herding Arab tribesmen, known as theBaggara,wererecruitedasalow-costcounterinsurgencymilitiaand deployedagainstthesouthernoppositionforce,theSudanPeoples’Lib- eration Army (SPLA). However, instead of confronting the SPLA, the militiaforcewagedwaragainstthecivilianpopulationofnorthernBahr el-Ghazal, which the Sudanese government considers the support base fortheSPLA.Soonaftertheinitiationofthemilitiasystem,theBaggara 3 0 discovered a very effective method of suppressing the rebellion in the 1 : T South: destroying civilian villages and frightening the population into S D 1 1 : 6 1 4 1 . 3 . 1 0 0 2 g n e s T 9 2 2 f o 9 t e e h s / Preface ix N A D SU desertingtheirhomes.Butmeresuppressionofthesouthernrevoltonly N satisfiedthegovernment;theBaggarareceivedonlymeagergovernment I Y assistance.Itwasmorelucrativetocapturelargenumbersofwomen,chil- R VE dren, and any able-bodied men they could subdue and take them into A L slaveryintheirnorthernprovincesofDarfurandKordofan.Inaddition S D tobenefitingfromtheslavelabor,theBagarrahopedthathelpingimple- N A mentthegovernment’smilitarystrategywouldearnthemextragovern- R A mentresources.Thisbookexplainstheintricaciesandnuancesofhowa W / counterinsurgencymilitiabecameaslave-takingarmy. ok The problem with writing this book is that its topic is controversial. J Whenonewritesfromtheperspectiveofone’sownpeopleandwhenone 0 8 2 has a responsibility toward the whole country, there is a certain degree 6 ofambivalenceinvolved.ThereisnodoubtthatIwillbeseenasfocus- ingontheconcernsofSoutherners,butif Idonotfocusonthevictims ofthecrisisIamstudyingIcouldalsobeblamedfortryingtomargin- alizetheverypeoplewhoseagonyIamtryingtoexpose.Iamconscious ofthepossibilitythatmyhavingonlyworkedintheSouthcouldbiasmy views. But I have made an equally conscious attempt to be objective in presentation.WhilenoonewritingonSudan’stumultuousandtragichis- torycanclaimabsoluteneutrality,Ihavetriedtoexpresstheconcernsof Southernerswithoutbeinganti-North. Many South Sudanese living under the Sudan government’s oppres- sionhaveaskedandencouragedmetowriteabouttheirsufferingandits history.Theylongforavoice,andIhaveagreedtolendthemmine.An academicfactorthatstronglyinfluencedmydecisiontowritethisbook wastheexistenceofanexcellentbodyofanthropological,historical,and journalisticmaterialonimportantaspectsof howthewarhastriggered therevivalofslavery.RobertCollinshaswrittenextensivelyandpercep- tivelyonthehistoryofslaveryandtheslavetradeontheUpperNile,the roleofthecurrentwaronthereemergenceofslavery,andrelationsbe- 3 tweenArabNorthernersandAfricanSoutherners. Hehasalsorecently 4 authoredaninsightfulanalysisofwhytheBaggararaidtheDinka. TheDinkahistorian,thelateDamazoDutMajak,anativeofnorthern Bahr el-Ghazal from the Malwal section, conducted a historical survey throughouttheregioninthe1980sandwroteacompellingdissertation andnumerousarticlesonthehistoryofalienencroachmentinhishome 5 region. Hisworkprovidesadetailedethnographicandhistoricalanaly- sis of the arrival of Arab traders who later became the slave traders in Bahr el-Ghazal, and is complete with genealogies and maximal family systems.Hegivesexamplesofthefamiliesthatwereattheforefrontof 3 0 confrontationswiththeArabs,theFrench,andtheBritish,andprovides 1 : T anoverviewofeconomicactivitiesbeforeandduringtheoccupationof S D 1 1 : 6 1 4 1 . 3 . 1 0 0 2 g n e s T

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4 The Legacy of Race. 87. 5 The South-North Slavery and International Opinion. 153. Notes. 181 However, instead of confronting the SPLA, the militia force
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