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the magazine of Wake Forest University School of Law Free at Last The checkeredpastof courtfree-speech protection Y '*eS, ‘’Si*.'. *. *'’*«<«,-'***'?,- January 2001 ^W °*"*>*£^*0/ at rf,ai-^u ibo,Ae,°A!e. Jurist Dean's Column We need a new plan. forevengreaternationalstature. Manyideasforinitiativesto supplementthe4/40Planhavebeenadvanced: addingnew clinics, even further reducing the student/faculty ratio, new uses oftechnology, further expansion ofprograms in the area ofglobalization andinternational law, and further partneringwithotherschoolsandunitsoftheUniversity. Thenextstepintheplanningprocesswilltakeplaceabout thetimeyouarereadingthisarticle.Wearebringinginfive distinguishedlegaleducatorsfromaroundthecountrytomeet A ppropriatelyforthefirsttrueyearofthenewmillennium, withtheLong-RangePlanningCommitteeandaskingtheir 2001isayearinwhichourlawschoolisparticularlyfocus- opinions on the best practices in legal education for the ^ f ingonthefuture.Weareformulatinganewlong-range nextdecades.ThefiveeducatorsarePatriciaO’Hara,deanat plan,andwearebeginninganewcapitalcampaign. NotreDame;JohnSexton,deanatNewYorkUniversity;Barry Overadecadeago,WakeForestformulatedthe Sullivan,formerdeanatWashingtonandLee;KentSyverud, L_ well-received 4/40 Plan. Under that plan, we deanatVanderbilt;andJimWhite, theConsultantonLegal reducedtheenteringclassto 160,dividingitupintofoursec- Educationto theABAfortwenty-sevenyears. tionsoffortystudentsforeachcourseexceptLegalResearch We hope tohave thenewplan completedbynext fall. and Writing, for which we have eight sections of twenty Iinviteyou to giveyourthoughtsto the committee on the studentseach. Theplanalso calledforanewbuildingand issuesraisedin the alumniquestionnairesbywritingMiles recruitment of several distinguished professors. We have [email protected],andhisfaxnum- actuallycompletedthe 4/40 Plan; wehave dottedevery“i” beris336-758-4632. andcrossedevery“t.”Weneedanewplan. Thisyear,WakeForestembarks onanewcapitalcam- Lastyear,1appointedthen-professorandnowAssociate paign. We received input from alumni and other con- Dean Miles Foy to head a newstanding committee of the stituenciesinformulatingourprioritiesforthecampaign.At faculty, the Long-Range Planning Committee. Other thetopoftheprioritylistisfinancialaidforstudents,followed members of this committee are Michael Green, Suzanne byincreasingfacultysupport. Reynolds,TomRoberts, CharleyRose, andRonWright. To WakeForesthasoneofthelowestpnvateschooltuitions startthenewplanningprocess,weheldasummerleadership amongthe US. News&WorldReporttop fiftyschools. Our conferencewithpanelsofalumnidiscussing“Educatingthe students,eventhosewithoutanyscholarshipaid,paylessthan 21stCenturyLawyer”forvariousareasofthepracticeoflaw.The two-thirdsofthe true costoftheireducation. However,we committeethensentquestionnairestoeachmemberofthe areaprivateschoolthathasatuitionofalmost$22,000this facultyandtoeachmemberoftheLawAlumniCounciland year. Thereisadangerthatthiscouldchange thenature of theLawBoardofVisitors.Thequestionnaireaskedaboutthe our student body and exclude, for financial reasons, an lawschoolsstrengthsandweaknesses,issuesweneedtoaddress increasing number of students who really want a Wake intheplanningprocess,newinitiativesweneedtoundertake, Forestlaweducation.Wearenowcompetingforstudentsand andthelawschool’scurrent“missionstatement.”(Formore facultywithotherprivateschoolsthatdevotemoreresources informationaboutourmissionstatementorthelawschool, toscholarshipaidand facultysupport. pleasecheckourWebsiteathttp://www.law.wfu.edu/.) Wake Foresthasbeensuccessfulbecauseeachgenera- Intheinputreceivedsofar,bothfromourboardmem- tiongavebacktoitslawschool,supportingthenextgener- bers and faculty, there is wide agreement on foundational ation. Inourlong-rangeplanandinthecapitalcampaign,we principlesforthenewlong-rangeplan.Everyonewantstobuild aspire to be a better law school within the traditions of onthe4/40Planandkeepthestudentbodysmallwithastrong WakeForest. Oursuccessandachievementshavebeenbuilt student/facultyratio.Also,allagreethatWakeForestshould ontheloyaltyandsupportofalumniandfriends. Itrustthat remaintruetoitsheritageofemphasizingtheimportanceof youwilljoinusinplanningandhelpingtofundaWakeForest personalized teachingandvalueseducation, whilestriving legaleducationforthenextgeneration, dh 6 T Wake Forest Jurist Contents volume 31 . number 1 . January 2001 FEATURES The Freeing of Speech page6 byMichael Kent Curtis Anewbookexamines thenot-so-unfetteredpast offree-speechprotection. Good Because They Are Good page12 by Sheridan Hill Service to others is a cornerstone oftheWake Forestlawcurriculum. DEPARTMENTS page6 page2 Briefs page 1 Alumni Notes page24 Alumni Profile Ttih e/a«*»&§»e/ffe^eSkit**tatwftsiiKimpe/thyb tHietfoiif*» 0/fis (fiatfktphp*fcefmtp*\ fesiff^n# InsideFrontCover Deans Column willbest ftgSQkVHeh#t&fr0y/i(V($se^Tgastfh Wfiis&si Tka</*$ 4 vp/Hrtfgfcaffre/ps. Ay ASTICMM ne*0/ -stftw/ <kf/?« w s*a//awe**/fee»e S§/fP5P»fa<fVPi'.If0ffp5§<•>*» /HJi/Wsi/lietaifrCfkp /•ms0«pSf^MwiHHvp/e*pipfv n/ Mikes/Ha«fc;^-i.=wy#/=n»g=;ff=cp=e10«s/,0ssaf(0s EDITOR DavidFyten ASSOCIATE EDITOR SheridanHill ALUMNI NOTES EDITORS AmeliaHodges,BryanLink,ChristineUnderwood ASSISTANT EDITORS GeorgellenBrown,LindaMichalski,CherinC.Poovey ART DIRECTOR SamanthaH.E.Hand DESIGNER DavidUrena,MCreative,Inc. PHOTOGRAPHY KenBennett PRINTING Hutchison-Allgood COVER ILLUSTRATION HultonGetty/ArchivePhotos WakeForestJuristispublishedtwiceayearinDecemberandJunebytheWakeForestUniversitySchoolofLaw.Allrightsreserved. TheviewsexpressedhereindonotnecessarilyreflectthoseofWakeForestUniversitySchoolofLaw. SendclassnotestoJuristNotes,P.O.Box7205ReynoldaStation,Winston-Salem,NC27109-7205.Sendletterstotheeditorand othercorrespondencetoWakeForestJurist,PO.Box7205ReynoldaStation,Winston-Salem,NC27109-7205.Sendalumni addresschangestoAlumniRecords,P.O.Box7227ReynoldaStation,Winston-Salem,NC27109-7227.Sendallotheraddress changestoP.O.Box7206ReynoldaStation,Winston-Salem,NC27109-7206. Volume31,Number1,January©2001AllRightsReserved Jurist Briefs New Associate Dean Named nowoverseelegalclinics,aprogramthatTaylor expandedgreatly. Withexternalrelationsinsuchfineform,her Externalaffairsstays maintaskistohelptheschoolcontinuethepos- ingoodhandswithAnn Gibbs itiveupswingithasachievedinrecentyears. In A admissions,sheplanstoensurethattheschool nn Setien Gibbs, the new associate invitesstudentswhorepresentgeographic,eth- dean forexternal affairs and adminis- nic, andracial diversity. Incareerservices, she tration at the School ofLaw, brings a AnnGibbs: 'llovethislawschool’sphilosophy.’ willaddlawfirmsinsomemetropolitanareasout- wealth of experience to the law school. Her side North Carolinatoaidstudentsfromother hiring in October ended a search that drew states. Inpublicrelations, “Wehave to contin- applicantsfromacrossthenationandreflectsthe almostfouryearswhentheopportunityatWake ue to find ways to make sure people successofJamesTaylorJr.,herpredecessor,in Forestopened. across the country understand what a good elevatingtheschool’sprofile. Shewasimpressedwiththequalityofunder- education we’re offering at Wake Forest and Gibbs,forty-three,waspreviouslyassociate graduatestudents,whomsheworkedtorecruit whatgreatlawyers-to-bewehave.”Continuing dean for Nova Southeastern University Law to Richmond, and “The reputation of Wake’s Legal Education is a new area ofoversight for CenterandtheUniversityofRichmondSchool lawschoolhas grown tremendouslyunderthe Gibbs. “Wehavetodecideifwe’regoingtoget ofLaw.Shereceivedonlyravereviewsfromthose leadershipofDeanWalsh,”shesaid. Shepraised intothedistance-educationmarketorifwe’regoing whohaveworkedwithherandfromthefaculty the school for keeping its small size while tobe thebestwecanbewithon-sitelectures.” andstudentcommitteeatWakeForest,saidDean otherschoolshave grownandreapedfinancial AnativeofRichmond,Virginia,Gibbsgrad- RobertK.Walsh.Shehasservedasanassociate benefits. “Ilove thislawschool’sphilosophyof uatedwithhighesthonorsfromtheUniversity andassistantdeanforsixteenyears,withdepth small classrooms and practical experience. ofVirginia in 1979. An education major, she ofexperienceinmostoftheareasshewillover- I love that the faculty knows the students. taughtelementaryschoolforayear,thendecided seeatWakeForest. There’sastrongsenseofethicsinthecurriculum tostudylaw.Shewasinterestedineducationlaw, Nova DeanJoseph Harbaugh “kiddingly inadditiontosimplyteachinglegalprinciples. butdidn’tfindanavailableopportunity. Instead threatened to kill me if 1 hired her,” Walsh All of these things combine for an excellent shelandedapositionatBrowder,Russell,Morris said.WalshandHarbaugharelongtimefriends. legaleducation.” and Butcherin Richmond, where she handled Gibbsalsohasalongstandingprofessional SheisgratefultofollowTaylorinherover- insurance defense cases from 1983 to 1984. relationship with Harbaugh, whom she calls sightofadmissions,careerservices,publicrela- Fromthereshemovedontoapositionasassis- her mentor. The two worked together for tions, and continuing legal education. “He’s tant dean for recruiting and admissions at eight years at Richmond. Harbaugh became leftagreatlegacyhereandhasmademyjobalot Richmond and became an associate dean in deanatNovain 1996,andheinvitedGibbsto easier because he organized and got people 1993. She also coordinated and taught in the joinhimthereayearlater.ShewasatNovafor movingintherightdirection.”Facultymembers lawyeringskillsprogramatRichmond. WakeForestJurist January2001 . C Jurist Briefs 3 a ::r - 1 p— Faith and law 1 - ^ Jj |,-~Y \ ypff ’>* Symposiumexaminespublicpolicy impactofreligiouslygrounded morality u I "X eligiouslyGroundedMorality:ItsProper RoleinAmericanLawandPublicPolicy,” .L. two-daysymposiumsponsoredbythe Wake Forest University School of Law and organized by Michael Perry, University DistinguishedChairinLaw,examinedthelegit- imacyofbringingreligiouslybasedmoralbeliefs Astellargroupofexpertsparticipatedinthesymposium. into political argument and decision- makingintheUnitedStates. are those who think that bringing religion to ina friendlybutintensewayoveracouple of All of the ten presenters in the October bearinAmericanpoliticsisaproblematicthing days,”Perrysaid. “Wehadgreatconversation, symposiumareprofessionallyengagedinthestudy todoandthatitmustbedonecarefullyandwith the weather was perfect, and it was a good ofreligionandpolitics, andeachsubmitteda restraint. Othersthinkthatreligiousbelievers waytoshowoffWakeForestUniversity.” paper which was reviewed in advance and neednotbeshyaboutbringingreligiontobear Thecommentatorsforthesymposiumwere: commented on during the symposium. The in their politics. That’s an oversimplification -O' Robert Audi, the Charles J. Mach paperswillappearintheMay2001issueofthe of the two basic sides in the discussion. Distinguished Professor ofPhilosophy at the LawReview. Aspeoplebegintotalkaboutitcarefully,many UniversityofNebraska; Whatistheframeworkforourlawsthatare distinctionsarise.” -0- Eugene Garver, Regents Professor of religiouslygrounded? Whatdoes“reasonable” Theintersectionsoflaw,politics,andreli- Philosophy at Saint John’s University and mean and whom does it exclude? Should gionareallaroundus,asthesymposiumpoint- AdjunctProfessorattheUniversityofMinnesota; Christiansopposesame-sexmarriages?Howdoes edout.TheFirstAmendmentarisesoutofadeep *0-JohnColeman,S.J.,aJesuitpriestwhois natural law fit into our legal system? These Christianconvictionofreligiousfreedom. The CharlesCasassaProfessorofSocialValuesatLoyola were among the questions examined during tenet “Thou shaltnot kill” isheededbysome MarymountUniversityinLosAngeles; the symposium,whichsoughtto exploreand becausetheyfeelthatoursocietywillbebetter “v"ChristopherJ.Eberle,AssistantProfessor probe and not to draw final conclusions or off if we don’t kill each other; others obey ofPhilosophyatConcordiaUniversity; establishplatforms. becausetheybelievethereisasupremerulerwho O'KentGreenawalt,UniversityProfessorat Perry,whosesevenbooksincludeLoveand commandsthatwenotkill.Peoplemayfollow theColumbiaLawSchool; — Power: The Role ofReligion and Morality in thesamerulefordifferentreasons somereli- O'M.CathleenKaveny,anAssociateProfessor — AmericanPolitics(1991)andReligioninPolitics: gious, somesecular buttheyarestillableto atNotreDameLawSchool,withaconcurrent Constitutional and Moral Perspectives (1997), convergeinsupportinofthepolicy. appointmentintheDepartmentofTheology; citednewsstoriesfromsummer2000inwhich “Thelawistheproductofpolitics, andin 0-StevenD. Smith,theRobertandMarion SenatorJoseph Lieberman was criticized for acountrywhere95percentofthepeopleself- ShortProfessorattheNotreDameLawSchool; seeking a greater role for faith in American identifyasreligious,presumablythelawwillhave 0* Paul Weithman, Associate Professor of politicallife.TheAnti-DefamationLeagueseized a relationship with religion,” Perry said. “In PhilosophyattheUniversityofNotreDame; hiswordsandwarnedthat, atacertainpoint, theconferencewediscussedissuesnotaddressed -0-AshleyWoodiwiss,AssociateProfessorof emphasizingreligiousobservancecanbe“inap- byconstitutional law, suchas the question of PoliticalScienceatWheatonCollege; propriate and even unsettlingin a religiously whetheritismorallyfittinginaliberaldemoc- 0- NicholasWolterstorff, the Noah Porter diversesocietysuchasours.” racyforpeopletobringreligionintopolitics. Professor of Philosophical Theology in the “Thatincidentbroughttotheforegroundthe “Ithoughtthesymposiumwasfabulously Divinity School andAdjunct Professor in the complicatedandcontroversialissueofreligion successfulinthesensethatwehadagroup of PhilosophyandReligiousStudiesDepartments inpolitics,whichremainsoneofthemostcon- people,allofwhomarefullyconversantinthe ofYaleUniversity tested in the U.S. today,” Perry said. “There complexityoftheissue, engagingoneanother WakeForestJurist January2001 . — Jurist 4 Faculty Notes CAROLANDERSON isservingaspresident andhealthpolicyjournalsoverthepasttwoyears. (SymposiumonReligiousLibertyat the Dawn oftheForsythCountyBarAssociation.Shealso Hehasjustbegunamajorempiricalinvestiga- of a New Millennium); “What Is ‘Morality,’ servedaseditorofthemostrecentissueofTrial tionofmanagedcarepatientprotectionlaws,with Anyway?”45VillanovaLawReview69(2000)(1999 Briefs, thequarterlymagazinepublishedbythe a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Giannella Memorial Lecture); “Christians and NorthCarolinaAcademyofTrialLawyers,and Foundation. He has also become one of the PoliticalSelf-Restraint:TheControversyOverSame- shewillbeco-editingthenextissueaswell. In country’sleadingexpertsonthe role thattrust SexMarriage,”inANationUnderGod?Essayson Ma\- she will be a team leader at the National plays in doctor-patient relationships. He is theFateofReligioninAmericanPublicLife(R.Bruce InstituteofTrialAdvocacy’sSoutheastRegional directingateamofresearchersindevelopinga Douglass & Joshua Mitchell, eds., 2000); TrialAdvocacyPrograminChapelHill. scale to measure patients’ trust in doctors and “American Catholics and American Politics,” healthinsurers,andheisanalyzingwhatfactors 55ProceedingsoftheAnnualMeetingoftheCatholic DON CASTLEMAN wasinvitedtoMoscow affect trustand howthe lawcanhelp improve TheologicalSocietyofAmerica57(2000);“Liberal over Thanksgiving to deliver lectures on trust.Hallalsoisworkingwithresearchersatthe Democracy and Religious Morality,” in Law <S- the American legal system and free market MedicalSchooltoexaminewhetherresultsfrom Religion: A Critical Anthology (Stephem M. economy at the Institute of Business Studies, genetictestscanandshouldbeusedagainst(or Feldman, ed., 2000). TheJournal ofLaw and AcademyofNationalEconomy,RussianMinistry for) peoplebytheiremployersandinsurers. Religion(VolumeXiyNumber1, 1999-2000)pub- ofEducation. lishedasymposiumonPerry’sbook, TheIdeaof DAVID LOGAN hasjustcompletednineyears HumanRights(1998).Perrydeliveredseverallec- CHRIS COUGHLIN recendymadetwopre- ofserviceasanadvisortotheEthicsCommittee turesandaddressesinthelastyear:TheCalvin W sentationsattheWakeForestSchoolofMedicine oftheNorthCarolinaBarAssociation. Hisnew CromanMemonalLectureatRutgersUniversity oneanintroductiontolawandmedicine;theother article, “AllMonica,All the Time: the 24-hour (Camden) School of Law; a public lecture at concerning the Emergency Medical Transfer News Cycle and the Proof of Culpability in Lafayette College (Easton, Pennsylvania); an andActiveLaborAct. LibelActions,”waspublishedinasymposium after-dinneraddressattheannualinitiationcer- — issueoftheUniversityofArkansas LittleRock emonyoftheWakeForestUniversitychapterof MICHAEL CURTIS’ article,“TeachingFree LawReviewdevotedtothesubjectofmedialaw Phi Beta Kappa; an address to a colloquium SpeechfromanIncompleteFossilRecord,”has andethics. sponsored by Commonweal Magazine; a ple- beenpublishedintheAkronLawReviewaspart nary address to the annual meeting of the of a symposium on Education and the KATE MEWHINNEY,DirectoroftheLegal CatholicTheologicalSocietyofAmerica;anda Constitution. He was elected the Chair ofthe ClinicfortheElderly,isservingonthesteering keynoteaddresstoasymposiumsponsoredby AssociationofAmericanLawSchoolsSectionon committee of the Community Partnership to St.JohnsUniversitySchoolofLaw. ConstitutionalLawfortheyear2001.InOctober ImproveEndofLifeCare,acoalitionofgroups 2000hespokeatthesymposiumattheWorrell and individuals in the Forsyth County area SUZANNE REYNOLDS’ thirdvolume of ProfessionalCenterheldjustbeforethepresidential funded by the Duke Endowment. Professor Lee’sNorth CarolinaFamilyLawwaspublished debate.TheprogramwasbroadcastonC-Span. Mewhinney joined with other panelists and inDecember2000. His article, “Historical Linguistics, Inkblots, speakers,includingCongressmanRichardBurr andLifeAfterDeath:ThePrivilegesorImmunities and Lieutenant Governor Beverly Perdue, in ALAN PALMITERtraveledtoLaPaz,Bolivia, ofCitizensoftheUnitedStates,”waspublished the Partnershipskickoffeventat BridgerField lastsummerandgave aseries oftalks, includ- inApril2000intheNorthCarolinaLawReview. HouseonJanuary22. ingone to agroup oflawyersand government OnMarch20,2000,CurtisspokeattheLibrary officials on transparency in global securities ofCongressprogramonthe 100thanniversary DEBBIE PARKER, assistant dean for stu- markets.Hispaperontherecenthistoryofcor- ofthedeathofCongressmanJohnA. Bingham, dents, has recentlypublishedanarticle in The porategovernanceintheUnitedStatesistobe the principal author of section 1 of the 14th Journal ofAppellate Practice and Process titled publishedshortlyinaBolivianbusinessmaga- amendment. The program was broadcast on “ElectronicFilinginNorthCarolina,Usingthe zine.LastfallPalmiterpublishedanarticletitled C-Span. InternetInsteadoftheInterstate.” “WhatEveryCriminalDefenseAttorneyShould Know About the New Immigration Law” in MARK HALLhascompletedthefirststageof MICHAEL PERRYpublishedseveralessays TrueBill,thenewsletteroftheNorthCarolinaBar hisstudyofhealthinsuranceregulation,result- inthelastyear:“FreedomofReligionintheUnited Association’sCriminalJusticeSection. ing in ten articles published in various legal States,” 75 Indiana LawJournal 295 (2000) WakeForestJurist January2001 . Jurist Briefs 5 recognized experts in constitutional law, including William Van Alstyne of Duke UniversitySchoolofLaw,A.E.DickHoward PATFUCIA ROBERTS’ casebook,Problems oftheUniversityofVirginiaSchoolofLaw, andMaterialsonDecedents,EstatesandTrusts,was andMichaelKentCurtisandJ.WilsonParker publishedbyAspenPublisherslastyear. ofWakeForestUniversitySchoolofLaw.The programwascoveredbyC-SPANandaired DAVID SHORES published an article, nationally that evening and several times “Rethinking Deferential Review ofTax Court duringthenexttwoweeks. The discussion Decisions,” in The Tax Lawyer last April. In wascenteredaroundlegalissuesrelatingto 1999hisarticle, “Re-examiningContinuityof CarolAnderson,directorofthelawschool’strial electionssuchascampaignfinance reform, Shareholder Interest in Corporate Divisions,” advocacyprogram,andDeanRobertK.Walsh, right, thepresidentialselectionofSupremeCourt appearedinthe VirginiaTaxReview. accepttheEmilGumpertAwardfromMichaelMone justices,andotherissueswhichhavearisen oftheAmericanCollegeofTrialLawyers. duringpreciouspresidentialelections. TOM STEELE conductedaday-longprogram inOctoberinHickoryforthevariouslegalser- VTheWakeForestUniversitySchoolofLawhas •O’TheNationalAssociationforPublicInterest vicescorporationsinNorthCarolinaonethical receivedtheEmilGumpertAwardfromthe Law has awarded Wake Forest University considerationsinusingtechnologyintheprac- AmericanCollegeofTrialLawyersforexcel- SchoolofLawthe 1999-2000GroupProject tice oflaw. lenceinteachingtrialadvocacy.Since 1975, AwardforitsPublicInterestLawOrganization theawardhasbeengivenannuallytoalaw groupproject.TheAssociationpresentedthis MARGARETTAYLORwasappointedbythe schoolwhichisdeemedbytheCollegetohave awardatitsannualmeetinginWashington, presidentoftheAmericanBarAssociationtoserve achievedalevelofexcellenceintheteaching D.C., to Wake Forest law alumniJessica a three-year term on the ABAs Coordinating oftrialadvocacyworthyofspecialrecogni- Benjamin(’99),BrettLoftis(’99),andAnne CommitteeonImmigrationLaw.InJanuary,she tion.Besidescurriculum,theawardscommittee Runheim(’OO), who spearheaded the orga- moderatedasessiononimmigrationenforcement looked at extracurricular activities for the nization of the project. (For more on the strategies at theAssociation ofAmericanLaw education of advocates. It was impressed project, seearticleonpage 14-15.) SchoolsAnnualMeetinginSanFrancisco. withthenationalsuccessofWakeForest’strial and moot court teams and its many trial <PStateAppellateJudge ClarenceHortonmet ROBERT WALSH justcompletedhisterm advocacyprograms,suchastheChiefjusti.ee informallywithlawstudentsinSeptemberas aschairoftheSectiononLegalEducationand Joseph Branch Inn ofCourt, which brings part of a continuing series which brings Admission to the Bar of the American Bar togetherprominenttrialjudgesandlawyers prominentmembersoftheprofessiontothe Association,butremainsanofficeroftheSection inmonthlymeetingswithstudentstodiscuss lawschooltosharetheirexperiencesinacon- foronemoreyear. Hewasaspeakeronnumer- issuesoftrialadvocacy. versationalformat. ousprograms,includingaPresidentialShowcase Program at the London ABA meeting titled ^TheWake ForestUniversitySchool ofLaw 4-TheNorthCarolinaCourtofAppealsheldoral “OutoftheBoxThinkingAbouttheTrainingof NationalMootCourtteamswontheRegion argumentatthelawschoolinSeptember.The LawyersoftheNextMillennium.” IV competition in the Fifty-First Annual panelofjudgesincludedJudgesJohnLewis, NationalMootCourtCompetitionheldatthe RalphWalker, andRobertHunter. RON WRIGHT has recently published a FourthCircuitCourtofAppealsinRichmond, review of a book on Canadian sentencing in Virginia. Thecompetingschoolswerefrom ShAfterfiveyearsofserviceasassociatedeanfor Punishment&Society. Hehasalsorecentlypub- Kentucky,NorthCarolina,Virginia,andWest academicaffairs,RalphPeepleshasreturned lishedasupplementtohiscriminalprocedure Virginia.ProfessorCharlesRoseisthenational tothefacultyandhasbeensucceededbyMiles casebook, aswellasatributetothelateJudge mootcourtteamadvisor. Foy,whoheldthepositionpriortoPeeples. FrankJohnsonintheAlabamaLawReviewand In other administrative changes, Debbie anarticleonschooldrugtestingintheCriminal ^TheSchoolofLawheldaPresidentialElection Parkerhasassumedtheroleofassistantdean LawBulletin. Symposium in early October, a few days forstudents. She, alongwithRuthMorton, beforethepresidentialdebateatWakeForest. will continue as co-director of the Legal Theprogramwasapaneldiscussionmoderated ResearchandWritingProgram. byJackFordofABCNews,withnationally WakeForestfurist January2001 . WakeForestJurist January2001 . I . 7 The court protection of free speech we've come to take for granted I r| was not always so steadfast. Quite the contrary W Editor’sNote:ProfessorMichaelKentCurtisteaches E ARE ACCUSTOMED TO THINK Constitutional Law, Free Speech, and Legal and oftheSupremeCourtastheoracleoftheConstitution ConstitutionalHistoryatWakeForestUniversity andtheprotectorofourliberties.Butfrom1798down School ofLaw. His new book, Free Speech, the tothenineteen-thirties,thejudgesweremuchmorewillingtosup- People’sDarlingPrivilege (DukeUniversityPress, port suppression of speech. As a result, protective ideas of 2000)isacollectionofafewstoriesoffreespeech speechthatreachedahighpointduringtheWarrenCourtmight strugglesthatgrippedthenationfromtheratification appeartobeaquiterecentinventionofthejudges. oftheBillofRightsin1791 totheratificationofthe Forexample, in 1798 Congresspassedthe SeditionAct. It FourteenthAmendmentin1868.Italsotellsthestory made false and malicious criticisms of the President (John ofthemodemfateoftheoriesthatwereespousedin Adams) or the Federalist Congress a crime. Vice President anefforttojustifysuppressionofanti-slaveryand ThomasJefferson, Adams’ likely opponent in the election of anti-warspeechintheseearlyyears. Inthefollowing 1800,wasnotprotectedbytheact. Theacthadasunsetprovi- article, Professor Curtis writes about somefree sionsothatitwouldexpireattheendofAdams’term.Underthe speechstoriesdiscussedinhisbook. SeditionAct, the Adams administration prosecuted andjailed supportersofJefferson. The“falseandmalicious”criticismsthat landed Jeffersonian newspaper editors and a Jeffersonian — congressmaninjailincludedstatementsofpoliticalopinion charges thatAdamslackedcapacity,was“addictedtoridiculouspomp,” favored a standing army, and was responsible for excessive debt. Justices of the United States Supreme Court, sittingascircuitjudges,presidedoverconvictionsundertheact. WakeForestJurist January2001 . The story from other periods is also bleak. In 1833 the CourtruledthattheguaranteesoftheBillofRightsdidnotlimit thestates. FreespeechscholarDavid Rabbansaysthatafterthe Civil War and until World War I, many courts embraced a restrictive view of the protections of the First Amendment. Indeed,onlyin 1925didtheSupremeCourtsuggestthatthepro- tectionsoffreespeechandpressinthenationalConstitutionlim- ited thestates. Butifonelooksoutside the courts, averydifferentpicture emerges. From 1791,whenthefirstBillofRightswasratified,to 1868, when the Fourteenth Amendment (our second bill of — rights) was ratified and especially in the years leadingup to — the Civil War activists, newspaper editors, ministers, and many politicians embraced strong and protective ideas offree speech.Theseincludedbroadfreedomtodiscussallpolitical,social, religious, and philosophical questions, the idea that government had no power to punish unorthodox views, and that a simple bad tendency to cause harm in the long run did not justify suppression of speech. Furthermore, free speech was advocatedasabasicprivilegeofallAmericancitizensthatnostate hadtherighttoabridge. Thisstrongviewoffreespeechoftenhadsubstantialpublic support. Itemergedmostfullyinthestruggleagainstslaveryand thebattleforfreespeechforopponentsofslavery.Thisfactispart ofthebackground ofthe FourteenthAmendment. Soitisrele- vant to constitutional protection for free speech because the Fourteenth Amendment is the vehicle by which states are requiredto respectfreespeech, press, petition, andreligion. Beginninginthemid-eighteen-thirties,abolitionistsbeganto demandthatSouthernslaveholdersrecognizethatslaverywasa sinandimmediatelyfreetheirslaves. Theysoughttoconvertnot only Southerners but Northerners to their views. The South respondedbylawsthatcriminalizedspeechthattendedtocause — slave or free Negro discontent and with vigilante action. Southerners understood their laws to apply to abolitionist criticismofslavery. IntheNorthalso,mobsdispersedabolition meetingsanddestroyedanti-slaverypresses. Thenationfaceda definingmoment. Slavestatesdemandedthatfreestatesalsopass lawstosuppressabolitionistspeechandorganizations,onthethe- orythatslaverycouldnotbesecureinanationthattoleratedharsh criticism ofthe institution. In the end, Northernstatesrefused andcriticismofslaverycontinued. Supporters ofsuppressionespousedanumberofconstitu- tional theories to justify silencing opponents ofslavery. First, the Southern elite and their allies suggested that abolitionist speech could be suppressed because of its bad tendency to causeslaverevoltsandsectionalconflict. Second,theynotedthat the Constitutionrecognizedslavery.Asaresult,theysaid, anti- slaveryspeechviolatedtheconstitutionalcompactandwasnot WakeForestJurist January2001 .