Waiting for Reform under Putin and Medvedev PDF
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Waiting for Reform under Putin and Medvedev Also by Lena Jonson TAJIKISTAN IN THE NEW CENTRAL ASIA VLADIMIR PUTIN AND CENTRAL ASIA: The Shaping of Russian Foreign Policy Also by Stephen White UNDERSTANDING RUSSIAN POLITICS RUSSIA’S AUTHORITARIAN ELECTIONS Waiting for Reform under Putin and Medvedev Edited by Lena Jonson Head of the Russia Research Programme and Senior Research Fellow, Swedish Institute of International Affairs, Sweden and Stephen White James Bryce Professor of Politics, University of Glasgow, UK Editorial matter, selection, introduction and conclusion © Lena Jonson and Stephen White 2012 All remaining chapters © respective authors 2012 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 978-1-137-01119-0 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2012 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978-1-349-43641-5 ISBN 978-1-137-01120-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137011206 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 Contents List of Tables and Figures vii General Editor’s Preface ix Preface and Acknowledgements xi Notes on Contributors xiii 1 I ntroduction 1 Lena Jonson and Stephen White Part I The Challenge of Modernization in Russia 2 G lobalization and Discursive Resistance: Authoritarian Power Structures in Russia and the Challenges of Modernity 1 9 Nicolas Hayoz 3 R ussian Modernization Doctrines under Debate 38 Mark Urnov Part II Characteristics of the Russian System 4 T he Nature and Function of ‘Putinism’ 61 Lev Gudkov 5 T he Myth of the Russian ‘Unique Path’ and Public Opinion 81 Boris Dubin 6 S ocio-Cultural Factors and Russian Modernization 96 Emil Pain Part III Piecemeal Reform under Putin and Medvedev 7 T he Policymaking Process in Putin’s Prime Ministership 119 Stephen Fortescue 8 B usiness Representation in the State Duma 140 Paul Chaisty v vi Contents 9 D e-bureaucratizing the Small Business Sector 1 59 Eugene Huskey 10 United Russia’s Political Recruitment in the Russian Regions and ‘the Strengthening of the Power Vertical’: The Case of Novgorod Region 170 Clementine Fauconnier Part IV Challenges and Risks of Modernization 11 M odernization and the Russian Regions 1 93 Nikolai Petrov 12 Benefits and Risks of Political Modernization in Russia 2 13 Irina Busygina and Mikhail Filippov Part V Reflections in Early 2012 13 M odernization and After 2 37 Stephen White and Lena Jonson Index 251 Tables and Figures Tables 5.1 Opinions on Russia’s international status 82 5.2 Opinions on Russia’s character and culture 84 5.3 Opinions on relations between Russia and the West 85 5.4 Opinions on where is best to live 92 8.1 Percentage of Duma newcomers from different occupational backgrounds, First to Fifth Dumas 1 44 8.2 The mean percentage of Duma newcomers from different sectors of the economy, First to Fifth Dumas 145 10.1 United Russia’s share of national and regional representation in executive and legislative branches, 2004–08 171 10.2 United Russia in regional assemblies, 2004–08 172 10.3 U nited Russia in local executive and legislative organs 1 72 10.4 R egional final list of candidates presented by United Russia for the Duma elections 180 10.5 Numbers of candidates and elected deputies supported by political parties in the municipal Duma elections of 2004 and 2008 184 11.1 Major players in the Russian regions by their level of connection with regional political elites and term in office 2 00 11.2 Degree of influence of the main status positions within the regional elite 201 Figures 2.1 Marginalization of opposition inside and outside the political system: ‘real’ vs ‘not real’ organizations 30 8.1 P ercentage of Duma newcomers with a business back- ground, First to Fifth Dumas 142 8.2 The percentage of lobbying campaigns by policy area, First to Fourth Dumas 146 11.1 The evolution of regional power pyramids, 2000–11 1 99 vii viii List of Tables and Figures 11.2 Leading regions in terms of their modernization potential 207 1 1.3 Leading regions in terms of technological m odernization 208 1 1.4 Leading regions in terms of modernization in the broad sense 2 09 General Editor’s Preface This is the third world congress organized by the International Council for Central and East European Studies (ICCEES) that has the privilege of seeing congress volumes published by Palgrave Macmillan. That this is happening is an indication not only of the very fruitful relationship that ICCEES has with Palgrave Macmillan, but also of the recognition that the field of Central and East European Studies continues to enjoy not only academic excellence, but also continued pertinence as an area of study. In their preface to earlier volumes from the 1995 Warsaw and the 2005 Berlin congresses, my two predecessors as general editor, Professor Ronald Hill of Trinity College Dublin and Roger E. Kanet of the University of Miami, outlined the historical conditions that not only brought about the creation of ICCEES, but above all the importance of publishing the research that is presented at ICCEES congresses. All congresses (including the one in Tampere, Finland in 2000) studied Central and Eastern Europe through the lens of various disciplines, but also mirrored the changes that were taking place in the area since Western scholars came together in Banff, Canada in 1974 to organize the research they were engaged in but which lacked an organizational structure that could coordinate their results and offer an opportunity for debate and discussion. This is why the International Committee for Soviet and East European Studies (ICSEES) was created; today it is known as the International Council for Central and East European Studies. The change in name reflected not only the mutations that the area was undergoing, but also the field of study. After 1989 the societies and states of Central and Eastern Europe began experiencing major political, economic and social change. As a result, no longer were Western scholars engaged in ‘Communist Studies,’ rather they were focusing on an area that was undergoing redefinition as a geopolitical region. Domestic politics were in flux and interstate relations were experiencing a qualitative change that stressed henceforth cooperation rather than confrontation. ICCEES understood the need to give its congresses thematic direction. The 1990 ICCEES World Congress in Harrogate, England celebrated the end of the Cold War; the 1995 Warsaw congress focused on the democratic develop- ment of the former ‘Communist states’; the 2000 congress, in Tampere, ix
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