Vying for Allah’s Vote: Understanding Islamic Parties, Political Violence, and Extremism in Pakistan

266 Pages·2013·1.29 MB·English

by  Haroon K. Ullah

VYING FOR ALLAH’S VOTE
South Asia in World Affairs Series
T.V.Paul,SeriesEditor
EditorialAdvisoryBoard
RajeshBasrur
MayaChadda
StephenP.Cohen
C.Christine Fair
TimothyHoyt
PaulKapur
RajeshRajagopalan
AseemaSinha
OtherTitlein theSeries
Afghan Endgames:Strategyand PolicyChoicesforAmerica’sLongestWar,
HyRothsteinandJohnArquilla, editors
VYING FOR
ALLAH’S VOTE
Understanding Islamic Parties,
Political Violence, and Extremism in Pakistan
HAROON K. ULLAH
Georgetown University Press
Washington, DC
Photosusedonthecoverareusedwithpermissionfromtheauthor.Hetookthephotosat
ralliesheattendedinPakistan.
(cid:2)2014HaroonK.Ullah.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedor
utilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopyingand
recording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwriting
fromthepublisher.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Ullah,HaroonK.,author.
VyingforAllah’svote:understandingIslamicparties,politicalviolence,andextremismin
Pakistan/HaroonK.Ullah.
pages:illustrations;cm.—(SouthAsiainworldaffairsseries)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-62616-015-6(paperback:alkalinepaper)
1. Islamandpolitics—Pakistan. 2.Politicalparties—Pakistan. 3.Islamic
fundamentalism—Pakistan. 4.Pakistan—Politicsandgovernment. I.Title.
JQ629.A979U453 2013
324.25491’082—dc23
2013003384
(cid:3)(cid:2) Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepapermeetingtherequirementsofthe
AmericanNationalStandardforPermanenceinPaperforPrintedLibraryMaterials.
15 14 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Firstprinting
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
To Amber, Ami-ji, Abu-ji, and family,
and to He who bestows all blessings
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CONTENTS
Listof Illustrations ix
Acknowledgments xi
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1
CHAPTER 2 IslamandDemocracyinPakistan 7
IslamicConfessionalParties 7
PartyTypesandExtremism:The Sharia–Secularism
Continuum 10
MuslimDemocracyinPakistan 13
TheRiseofMuslim Pakistan 16
DemocracyinPakistan 17
TheRoleof ReligionandIslamicParties 21
PlanoftheVolume 29
CHAPTER 3 IslamicPartiesin Pakistan 31
PartyFormationinDevelopedDemocracies 32
PartyFormationinDevelopingDemocracies 34
IslamistPartyFormation 37
TheSharia-SecularModel ofConfessionalParty
Behavior 42
IslamicConfessionalParty Organization 45
Typologyof IslamicConfessionalPartiesinPakistan 47
CHAPTER 4 MuslimDemocraticParties:OriginsandCharacteristics 51
IdeologyandStructure 54
PakistaniIndependence 57
ModernMuslimDemocrats:TheMuslimLeague
andItsCompetitors 63
vii
viii CONTENTS
CHAPTER 5 IslamistParties:OriginsandCharacteristics 75
Jamaat-e-Islami:AHierarchicalIslamistParty 78
JamiatUlema-e-Islam:ANetworkIslamistParty 90
IslamistParties:SharedAssetsandObstacles 102
CHAPTER 6 IslamicVotersin Pakistan:Motives andBehavior 106
SurveyHypotheses 109
SurveyAnalysis 115
CHAPTER 7 PoliticalStrategy:WhenExtremismWorks 127
PakistanMuslimLeague:Movingtoward theRight 131
Jamaat-e-Islami:AssociatingwithViolence toSecure
Votes 137
JamiatUlema-e-Islam:UsingReligiousSpaces asa
PartyoftheMasses 143
TheJUlasIncumbents:ModernizationandExtremism 147
TheJIasIncumbents: ModerationandExtremism 149
TheLimitsofStrategic Positioning:TheCaseof the
ANP 150
CHAPTER 8 LessonsLearned:HowPakistanInformstheArab
SpringandAfghanistan 154
SignalingCredibleCommitments andtheSharia-
SecularModel:ARationalChoiceExplanation
forIslamicParties 155
Egypt:IslamicPartiesFighting foraSeatattheTable 158
Bangladesh:DivergentIslamicTrendsfromPakistan 163
Afghanistan:WhyIslamicPartyOriginsMatter 166
Morocco:WhereIncumbencyLeadstoModeration 170
Conclusion:WhyPakistanMatters 173
CHAPTER 9 ForeignPolicyImplicationsandNewTrends 174
IslamicActivisminthe Twenty-FirstCentury 177
TheFutureIsNow 182
Appendix1 189
Appendix2 197
Notes 213
SelectedBibliography 237
Index 243
ILLUSTRATIONS
Tables
3.1 TypologyofIslamicParties 48
4.1 Numberof NationalAssemblySeatsWonbyMajorPolitical
Parties,1988–2013 73
6.1 PartisanshipandAllocationsintheDictatorGame 118
6.2 MuslimDemocratsversusIslamistsinDictatorGame 119
6.3 RegressionAnalysesofSurvey Data 123
6.4 IslamistandMuslimDemocraticPartyVoteShare,2002 124
6.5 IslamistandMuslimDemocraticPartyVoteShare,2008 124
6.6 IslamistandMuslimDemocraticPartyVoteShare,2013 125
A.1 PayoffVariableDefinitions 190
A.2.1 NationalAssemblyElectionResults,2013 197
A.2.2 PunjabAssembly 205
Figures
A.1 Sharia-SecularModel1 190
A.2 Sharia-SecularModel2 192
ix