ebook img

Voyages on the Northern Sea Route PDF

301 Pages·2020·15.372 MB·English
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Voyages on the Northern Sea Route

Tadeusz Pastusiak Voyages on the Northern Sea Route Voyages on the Northern Sea Route Tadeusz Pastusiak Voyages on the Northern Sea Route 123 Tadeusz Pastusiak Faculty of Navigation Gdynia Maritime University Gdynia,Poland ISBN978-3-030-25489-6 ISBN978-3-030-25490-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25490-2 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 This book is an extended and a revised version of PLANNING INDEPENDENT TRANSIT VOYAGES OF VESSEL WITHOUT ICE STRENGTHENING THROUGH THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE, published in Polish on August 2018 by WYDAWNICTWO AKADEMII MORSKIEJ WGDYNI.Publishedwithpermission. Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregard tojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Coverillustration:ThePANAMAXtypevesselaftericingonBeringSea,PhotobyTadeuszPastusiak ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland The book is dedicated to all researchers, polar explorers, people from the ice reconnaissance, fishermen, seamen and ancient whale and seal hunters, whose hard work and commitment have provided knowledge on navigation in the polar regions. Preface ThenoticeableaccelerationofclimateintheArcticinthetwenty-firstcenturyledto reduction of the area of sea ice and reduction of their thickness. This results in an extension of the navigation season, also for vessels with low ice classes or even withouticereinforcements.TheNorthernSeaRouteshortensdistancenecessaryto pass fromEuropeanportstotheFarEast ports, reducestimeofsuchavoyage and makesitpossibletobypassregionsoftheworldthreatenedbyterrorismatsea.The interest in possibility of using this route is large. After the first period of intensive growthoftransittransport,importandexporttransportbetweentheNSRregionand European ports, and the Far East was the most advantageous. A significant improvement of ice conditions in the twenty-first century is forecasted, favoring development of seasonal shipping. In summer navigation season, it is possible to navigate on vessels of low ice classes and even vessels that do not have ice reinforcements. AnditispreciselythepossibilityofshipownersbecominglessactiveintheNSR navigation activity up to now, which seems to be particularly interesting. Vessels that are normally used in ice-free areas have steel hulls without ice strengthening. These vessels are relatively cheap in terms of construction and operation costs in relation to vessels with ice classes, and especially polar classes. Seasonal involvement of new owners on the NSR does not require construction of special- ized vessels for shipping in ice, but only theuse of existing tonnage on the freight market. TheregulationsoftheRussianMaritimeRegisterofShipping(RMRS)statethat vessels with ice classes lower than Arc4 are allowed to navigate only outside the Arctic. On the other hand, the Rules for navigation on the Northern Sea Route provideforpossiblederogationsfromtheprovisionsoftheRMRSatthediscretion of the NSR Administration. This applies to the “ice-free” navigation period. Ship operators should report to the NSR Administration theirs intention to perform a voyage by vessel on the NSR at least three months before the intended date of departure. Forecast of ice navigation conditions on the NSR is not available so much in advance. The ship’s operator must therefore make a decision on the date of the beginning of voyage, risking that their vessel will bear the costs of charter vii viii Preface whileawaitingiceconditionsallowingforindependentnavigationorincurringhigh costs of icebreaker services. In case the start of voyage occurs after the ice-free transit zone has been created along the whole NSR, it is very likely that the vessel willnotreachtheportofdestinationbeforetheice-freezoneclosesonbeginningof autumn. Then, in the most favourable case, the vessel will have to take advantage ofthecostlyservicesoficebreakers.Inbothcases,theeconomicresultofvoyageis uncertain. Taking above into consideration, the author of the work, who is a long-time captain of sea-going vessels, set himself the goal of developing a method of effective route planning, for decision-makers. It covers the most likely course of routesdevelopedbytheauthor(lengthofroutes)withacertainprobabilityoftheir repetition in the next summer navigation season and statistical speed of vessels of different ice classes and not having ice reinforcements with ranges of deviations from mean and median values. In this way, one can calculate the expected time of planned route in a pessimistic, balanced and optimistic version. The most important are probability diagrams of opening and closing ice-free zone the transit zone along the whole NSR for the selected day of the year. They are based on historicaldatafromrecentyears. Thevoyagesimulationsperformedandpresented in the book confirm effectiveness of the method proposed by the author. Theauthorofthebooksortedouttheavailableknowledgeandpointsofviewon the safe speed of the vessel in the areas where ice occurs, the rules of handling vessel in ice and the importance of knowledge and experience of the captain, helmsmen, deck crew and machine crew in ice for a high proficiency of voyage eveniniceconditionsseeminglymakingitimpossibletoachieveaneconomicgoal of voyage. The dangers to shipping that occur on the NSR were also discussed, ways of avoiding them during the route plotting and how to handle when they are encountered during the voyage. First of all, the book is intended for decision-makers of commercial enterprises for whom it is a dilemma whether to take action towards trade or shipping on the Northern Sea Route, when and what actions should be taken and what range of uncertainty should be included in the initial planning and scheduling of voyage in advance to 1–6 months. Gdynia, Poland Tadeusz Pastusiak Acknowledgements The idea to publish my previous work, i.e. Ph.D. thesis, came out from the reviewers Prof. Jacek A. Jania, President of Committee on Polar Research, Polish Academy of Sciences and Head, Centre for Polar Studies, University of Silesia. Actually,aftercompletingDoctorofSciencesprocessIwishedtomakesamewith monograph that has closed previous stage of my scientific work, after extensive revision, extension and updating of my research works. Restarting my research in the far north after the completion of work on board merchantvesselswouldnotbepossiblewithoutthehelpandsupportofProf.Piotr Głowacki,InstituteofGeophysics,PolishAcademyofSciences,actuallyPresident of Committee on Polar Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, and Prof. Jacek A. Jania,PresidentofCommitteeonPolarResearch,PolishAcademyofSciences,and Head, Centre for Polar Studies, University of Silesia. I extend to them my deepest appreciationfortheirassistanceinthefieldofresearchintheArctic.Iwanttothank Prof. Dr. Anna Styszyńska, supervisor of my Ph.D. thesis for very good guidance on initial stage of my scientific work. I wish to thank Barbara Jóźwiak for improving the use of English in the manuscript. Iextendspecialpersonalexpression ofmygratitude toProf. AndrzejA.Marsz, Prof. Emeritus, Gdynia Maritime University, for scientific mentoring. The publication of the book would not be possible without the kind permission of the authors and copyright holders: U.S. National Ice Center, IBCAO and Naturalearthdata.com. This book could not have been written and designed without the support and assistanceofmanypeopleandorganizationsduringtheearlystageofmyscientific work to whom I would like to express my warmest thanks. To all authors and publishers who kindly granted permission to publish illus- trations and other materials, I express my sincere gratitude. I would like to thank my parents, Jan and Maria, who believed in me and, in particular, my closest family, Magdalena and Janina for acquiescence for my sci- entific work and understanding during long time I spent on the book. ix Contents Part I Planning a Voyage in Ice 1 Introductory Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1 Introduction to Planning of Vessel Voyage in Ice. . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2 Description of Ice Classes and Vessel Capability for Unassisted Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.3 Administrative Methods to Control Traffic Safety of Vessels in Ice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.4 Purpose and Scope of the Work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.5 Source Materials and Initial Assumptions Regarding Model Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2 Decision Support System for Initial Planning of a Voyage on the NSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.1 Initial Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.2 General Outline of Initial Voyage Planning Decision Support System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3 Fragmentary Procedures Within the Decision Support System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.4 Selected Simulation Models of Transit Voyages on the NSR Developed in the Years 1996–2016. . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Part II Dangerous Phenomena and Hazards for Navigation 3 Dangerous Hydrometeorological Phenomena Occurring on the NSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.1 Hydrometeorological Phenomena Affecting the Safety of Navigation on the NSR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 xi xii Contents 3.2 Description of Hydrometeorological Phenomena Affecting Navigation Safety on the NSR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.2.1 Phenomena Related to Ice Formations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.2.2 Phenomena Unrelated to Ice Formations . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4 Selected Dangerous Hydrological Phenomena and Voyage Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 4.1 Ice Massifs and the Area of Ice Cover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 4.1.1 Definition of Ice Massifs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 4.1.2 Location of Ice Massifs During Winter and Summer Seasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4.1.3 Statistical Data Regarding Ice Massifs and the Area of Ice Cover During the Navigation Seasons of 1940–1949 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 4.2 Extremely Fast Ice Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 4.2.1 Ice Rivers and Their Location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 4.2.2 Analysis of an Ice River Phenomenon Recorded at Wrangel Island in 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 4.3 Options for Initial Route Planning Based on Long-Term Russian Forecasts of Ice Navigation Conditions on the NSR. . . 96 4.4 Types of Ice Conditions and Ice-Free Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.5 Duration of Ice-Free Navigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Part III Ice Navigation Conditions 5 The Impact of Ice Conditions on Maritime Transport on the NSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5.1 Annual Cycles of Changes in Ice Forms and Its Impact on Navigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 5.2 Definition of Openings in Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 5.3 On-Scene Vessel Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 5.3.1 Variability in Conditions Determining the Possibility of Passing Through Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 5.3.2 Vessel’s Capability to Pass Through Ice with Specific Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 5.3.3 Criteria for Determining the Beginning of Lighter Ice Conditions, Which Make Navigation Possible for Vessels Without Ice Strengthening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.