Voyages in world history

1059 Pages·290.384 MB·English

by  Hansen, Valerie, Curtis, Kenneth Robert

Voyages in
World History
Valerie Hansen
YALE UNIVERSITY
Kenneth R. Curtis
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY LONG BEACH
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Voyages in World History © 2010 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Valerie Hansen and Kenneth R. Curtis
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08
B C
RIEF ONTENTS
1 The Peopling of the World, to 4000 B.C.E. 2
2 The First Complex Societies in the Eastern Mediterranean,
ca. 4000–550 B.C.E. 28
3 Ancient India and the Rise of Buddhism, 2600 B.C.E.–100 C.E. 60
4 Blueprint for Empire: China, 1200 B.C.E.–220 C.E. 88
5 The Americas and the Islands of the Pacifi c, to 1200 C.E. 114
6 New Empires in Iran and Greece, 2000 B.C.E.–651 C.E. 144
7 The Roman Empire and the Rise of Christianity, 509 B.C.E.–476 C.E. 174
8 Hindu and Buddhist States and Societies in Asia, 100–1000 208
9 Islamic Empires of Western Asia and Africa, 600–1258 238
10 The Multiple Centers of Europe, 500–1000 268
11 Expanding Trade Networks in Africa and India, 1000–1500 300
12 China’s Commercial Revolution, ca. 900–1276 328
13 Europe’s Commercial Revolution, 1000–1400 356
14 The Mongols and Their Successors, 1200–1500 386
15 Maritime Expansion in the Atlantic World, 1400–1600 418
16 Maritime Expansion in Afro-Eurasia, 1500–1700 450
17 Religion, Politics, and the Balance of Power in Western Eurasia,
1500–1750 480
18 Empires, Colonies, and Peoples of the Americas, 1600–1750 510
19 The Atlantic System: Africa, the Americas, and Europe, 1550–1807 538
20 Empires in Early Modern Asia, 1650–1818 568
21 European Science and the Foundations of Modern Imperialism,
1600–1820 598
22 Revolutions in the West, 1750–1830 628
23 The Industrial Revolution and European Politics, 1780–1880 660
24 China, Japan, and India Confront the Modern World, 1800–1910 690
25 State Building and Social Change in the Americas, 1830–1895 720
iii
iv Brief Contents
26 The New Imperialism in Africa and Southeast Asia, 1830–1914 752
27 War, Revolution, and Global Uncertainty, 1905–1928 782
28 Responses to Global Crisis, 1920–1939 812
29 The Second World War and the Origins of the Cold War,
1939–1949 844
30 The Cold War and Decolonization, 1949–1975 874
31 Toward a New World Order, 1975–2000 908
32 Voyage into the Twenty-First Century 942
C
ONTENTS
MAPS XXI PREFACE XXIV
VISUAL EVIDENCE XXI ABOUT THE AUTHORS XXXI
MOVEMENT OF IDEAS XXII NOTE ON SPELLING XXXII
WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD XXII
1
CHAPTER The Peopling of the World, to 4000 B.C.E. 2
TRAVELER: Kennewick Man
The Origins of Humankind 5 ■MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: The Worship of
The First Hominids: Australopithecines 5 Goddesses 14
Homo Erectus and the First Migrations Outside of Monte Verde, Chile: How the First Americans
Africa, 2.5–1.8 Million Years Ago 6 Lived, 10,500 B.C.E. 16
The Emergence of Homo Sapiens Sapiens, The Rise of Clovis and Other Regional Traditions,
2 Million–150,000 Years Ago 7 11,400–10,900 B.C.E. 18
How Modern Humans Populated Eurasia The Oldest Americans? 19
and Australia 8 ■WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Kennewick
Man in Court 20
The First Anatomically Modern Humans Leave
Africa 8 The Emergence of Agriculture, 12,500–
The Settling of Australia, ca. 60,000 B.C.E. 9 3000 B.C.E. 21
The Settling of Eurasia, 50,000–30,000 B.C.E. 9 The Domestication of Plants and Animals, ca.
VISUAL EVIDENCE: The First Art Objects in the 12,500–7000 B.C.E. 21
World 10 The First Larger Settlements, 7000–3000 B.C.E. 23
The Settling of the Americas 13 Chapter Review 26
Beringia: The Land Bridge from Siberia to the
Americas 13
2
CHAPTER The First Complex Societies in the Eastern
Mediterranean, ca. 4000–550 B.C.E. 28
TRAVELER: Gilgamesh
The Emergence of Complex Society in Sumerian Government 36
Mesopotamia, ca. 3100–1590 B.C.E. 31 The Babylonian Empire, 1894–1595 B.C.E. 36
City Life in Ancient Mesopotamia 31 Egypt During the Old and Middle Kingdoms,
The Beginnings of Writing, 3300 B.C.E. 33 ca. 3100–1500 B.C.E. 38
Sumerian Religion 34 The Central Role of the Nile 39
■WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: The World’s Egyptian Government and Society 39
First Beer 35
Note: All images are copyrighted. For full photo credit information, please see each chapter opener
page.
v
vi Contents
The Old Kingdom and Egyptian Belief in the Syria-Palestine and New Empires in Western
Afterlife, 2686–2181 B.C.E. 41 Asia, 1200–500 B.C.E. 51
VISUAL EVIDENCE: The Narmer Palette 42 The History of the Ancient Hebrews According to
Egyptian Expansion During the Middle Kingdom, the Hebrew Bible 51
2040–1782 B.C.E. 45 The History of the Ancient Hebrews According to
The International System, 1500– Archaeological Evidence 53
1150 B.C.E. 46 ■MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: The Flood Narrative in the
New Kingdom Egypt and Nubia, 1570– Epic of Gilgamesh and the Hebrew Bible 54
1069 B.C.E. 46 The Assyrian Empire, 911–612 B.C.E. 56
The Kingdom of Nubia, 800 B.C.E.–350 C.E. 48 The Babylonian Captivity and the Recording of the
The Hittites, 2000–1200 B.C.E. 50 Bible, 612–539 B.C.E. 56
Wen-Amun’s Voyage to Lebanon and Cyprus, Chapter Review 58
1130 B.C.E. 51
3
CHAPTER Ancient India and the Rise of Buddhism,
2600 B.C.E.–100 C.E. 60
TRAVELER: Ashoka
The Origins of Complex Society in South VISUAL EVIDENCE: The Buddhist Stupa at Sanchi 74
Asia, 2600–500 B.C.E. 63 The Mauryan Empire, ca. 320–185 B.C.E. 76
Complex Society in the Indus River Valley, 2600– Life and Society in the Mauryan Dynasty, ca. 300
1700 B.C.E. 63 B.C.E. 76
The Spread of Indo-European Languages 66 Mauryan Control Outside the Capital 78
The Indo-European Migrations and Vedic Culture, Ruling by Example: The Ceremonial State 79
1500–1000 B.C.E. 66 ■MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: The First Sermon of the
Changes after 1000 B.C.E. 68 Buddha and Ashoka’s Fourth Major Rock
■WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: The Modern Edict 80
Caste System and Its Ancient Antecedents 70
South Asia’s External Trade 83
The Rise of Buddhism 71
Chapter Review 85
The Life of the Buddha 71
The Teachings of the Buddha 72
4
CHAPTER Blueprint for Empire: China,
1200 B.C.E.–220 C.E. 88
TRAVELER: First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty
The Origins of Chinese Civilization, 1200– The Zhou Dynasty, 1045–256 B.C.E. 95
221 B.C.E. 91 Confucianism 96
The First Agriculture, 7000–1200 B.C.E. 91 Daoism 97
Early Chinese Writing in the Shang Dynasty, ca. ■MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: The Analects and Sima Qian’s
1200 B.C.E. 92 Letter to Ren An 98
■WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: The Use of Qin Rulers Unify China, 359–207 B.C.E. 100
Component Parts in Chinese Food 93
Prime Minister Shang Yang’s Reforms, 359–
Shang Dynasty Relations with Other Peoples 93 221 B.C.E. 100
Contents vii
The Policies of the First Emperor, 221–210 Extending Han Rule 109
B.C.E. 101 Han Dynasty Confl ict with the Xiongnu Nomads,
Legalism and the Laws of the Qin Dynasty 103 201–60 B.C.E. 109
VISUAL EVIDENCE: The Terracotta Warriors of the Qin Han Expansion to the North, Northwest, and
Founder’s Tomb 104 South 110
The Han Empire, 206 B.C.E.–220 C.E. 106 Chapter Review 112
Han Government and the Imperial
Bureaucracy 106
Ban Zhao’s Lessons for Women 108
5
CHAPTER The Americas and the Islands of the
Pacifi c, to 1200 C.E. 114
TRAVELER: Yax K’uk Mo’
The First Complex Societies of Mesoamerica, ■MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: The Ballgame in
8000 B.C.E.–500 C.E. 117 Popul Vuh 128
The Development of Agriculture, The Northern Peoples, 500 B.C.E.–
8000–1500 B.C.E. 117 1200 C.E. 131
The Olmecs and Their Successors, 1200–
The Peoples of the Andes, 3100 B.C.E.–1000
400 B.C.E. 118
C.E. 132
Teotihuacan, ca. 200 B.C.E.–600 C.E. 120
The Polynesian Voyages of Exploration,
The Classic Age of the Maya, 250–
1000 B.C.E.–1350 C.E. 135
910 C.E. 120
The Settlement of the Polynesian Triangle 135
The Deciphering of Maya Writing 121
Polynesian Seafaring Societies 137
VISUAL EVIDENCE: The Imposing Capital of
The Mystery of Easter Island 139
Teotihuacan 122
The Impact of Humans on New Zealand 141
Maya Government and Society 124
Chapter Review 141
■WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: The World’s
First Chocolate 125
The Religious Beliefs of the Maya 126
War, Politics, and the Decline of the Maya 127
6
CHAPTER New Empires in Iran and Greece,
2000 B.C.E.–651 C.E. 144
TRAVELER: Herodotus
The Rise of the Achaemenids in Iran, Darius’s Coup, 522 B.C.E. 152
1000–330 B.C.E. 147 VISUAL EVIDENCE: The Parade of Nations at Darius’s
Zoroastrianism 148 Palace at Persepolis 154
The Military Success of the Achaemenid Empire, Achaemenid Administration 156
550–486 B.C.E. 149 Ancient Greece and the Mediterranean
■MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Doing What Is Right in The World, 2000–334 B.C.E. 157
Avesta and the Bible 150
viii Contents
Greek Expansion in the Mediterranean, Alexander the Great and His Successors,
2000–1200 B.C.E. 157 334 B.C.E.–30 B.C.E. 166
The Phoenicians and the World’s First Philip and Alexander: From Macedon to Empire,
Alphabet 158 359–323 B.C.E. 166
The Rise of the Greek City-State, The Legacy of Alexander the Great 167
800–500 B.C.E. 160
The Parthians and the Sasanians, Heirs to
■WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: The
the Achaemenids, 247 B.C.E.–651 C.E. 169
Olympics 161
Chapter Review 172
The Greco-Persian Wars, 490–479 B.C.E. 162
Politics and Culture in Athens, 480–404 B.C.E. 163
Athens as a Center for the Study of Philosophy 165
7
CHAPTER The Roman Empire and the Rise
of Christianity, 509 B.C.E.–476 C.E. 174
TRAVELER: Polybius
The Roman Republic, 509–27 B.C.E. 177 The Life and Teachings of Jesus,
Early Rome to 509 B.C.E. 177 ca. 4 B.C.E.–30 C.E. 193
The Early Republic and the Conquest of Italy, Paul and the Early Church, 30–284 C.E. 194
509–272 B.C.E. 178 ■MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Early Christianity in the
The Conquest of the Mediterranean World, Eastern Provinces 196
272–146 B.C.E. 179 The Decline of the Empire and the Loss of
Roman Society Under the Republic 182 the Western Provinces, 284–476 199
The Late Republic, 146–27 B.C.E. 183 Political Changes of the Late Empire 199
The Roman Principate, 27 B.C.E.–284 C.E. 185 Religious Changes of the Late Empire 200
The Political Structure of the Principate 185 ■WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Snapshot of
The Social Changes of the Principate 185 Christianity 202
Travel and Knowledge of the Outside World 187 Christianity in North Africa 203
VISUAL EVIDENCE: Pompeii 188 The Barbarian Invasions: The Fall of Rome 204
The Rise of Christianity, ca. 30–284 C.E. 192 Chapter Review 205
Roman Religion and Judaism 192
8
CHAPTER Hindu and Buddhist States and
Societies in Asia, 100–1000
208
TRAVELER: Xuanzang
Religion and the State in India, The Beginnings of the Chola Kingdom,
100–1000 211 ca. 900 215
The Rise of Greater Vehicle Teachings in State, Society, and Religion in Southeast
Buddhism 212 Asia, 300–1000 216
The Rise of Hinduism, 300–900 213 Buddhist Kingdoms Along the Trade Routes 217
■WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Snapshot of Buddhist and Hindu Kingdoms of Inland Southeast
Hinduism and Buddhism 214 Asia, 300–1000 217
Contents ix
VISUAL EVIDENCE: Borobudur: A Buddhist Monument State, Society, and Religion in Korea and
in Java, Indonesia 220 Japan, to 1000 230
Buddhism and the Revival of Empire in Buddhism and Regional Kingdoms in Korea, to
China, 100–1000 222 1000 231
Buddhism in China, 100–589 222 The Emergence of Japan 233
China Reunifi ed, 589–907 224 Chapter Review 236
■MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Teaching Buddhism in a
Confucian Society 226
The Long Decline of the Tang Dynasty,
755–907 228
The Tibetan Empire, ca. 617–ca. 842 230
9
CHAPTER Islamic Empires of Western Asia
and Africa, 600–1258
238
TRAVELER: Khaizuran
The Origins of Islam and the First Caliphs, Abbasid Society 253
610–750 241 Slavery 254
The Life and Teachings of Muhammad, Politics of the Harem 256
ca. 570–632 241 The Breakup of the Abbasid Empire, 809–936 257
The First Caliphs and the Sunni-Shi’ite Split, VISUAL EVIDENCE: Zubaydah’s Road 258
632–661 244
The Rise of Regional Centers After the
Early Conquests, 632–661 245
Abbasids, 945–1258 260
■MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: The Five Pillars of
Regional Islamic States, 945–1258 260
Islam 246
Ibn Jubayr’s Hajj in 1183 262
The Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 248
■WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: The Hajj
The Conquest of North Africa, 661–750 249
Today 263
The Abbasid Caliphate United,
Chapter Review 266
750–945 250
Baghdad, City of Learning 250
Abbasid Governance 252
10
CHAPTER The Multiple Centers of Europe,
500–1000
268
TRAVELERS: Gudrid and Thorfi nn Karlsefni
Byzantium, the Eastern Roman Empire, Germanic Society Before 500 276
476–1071 271 The Merovingians, 481–751 278
Justinian and the Legacy of Rome, Charlemagne and the Carolingians, 751–ca.
476–565 271 1000 280
The Impact of the Plague and the Arab Conquests, The Age of the Vikings, 793–1050 282
541–767 273
Viking Raids on Great Britain, 793–1066 284
Religion and State, 767–1071 274
■WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: The Days of
The Germanic Peoples of Western Europe, the Week 285
481–1000 276