VLSI Analog Filters: Active RC, OTA-C, and SC

634 Pages·2013·14.86 MB·English

by  P.V. Ananda Mohan (auth.)

ModelingandSimulationinScience,Engineering,andTechnology
SeriesEditor
NicolaBellomo
PolitecnicodiTorino
Torino,Italy
EditorialAdvisoryBoard
M.Avellaneda P.Koumoutsakos
CourantInstituteofMathematicalSciences ComputationalScience&Engineering
NewYorkUniversity Laboratory
NewYork,NY,USA ETHZu¨rich
Zu¨rich,Switzerland
K.J.Bathe
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering H.G.Othmer
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology UniversityofMinnesota
Cambridge,MA,USA Minneapolis,MN,USA
A.Bertozzi L.Preziosi
DepartmentofMathematics PolitecnicodiTorino
UniversityofCaliforniaLosAngleles Torino,Italy
LosAngeles,CA,USA
K.R.Rajagopal
P.Degond DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering
Universite´P.SabatierToulouse3 TexasA&MUniversity
Toulouse,France CollegeStation,TX,USA
A.Deutsch Y.Sone
TechnischeUniversita¨tDresden KyotoUniversity
Dresden,Germany Kyoto,Japan
M.A.HerreroGarcia
UniversidadComplutensedeMadrid
Madrid,Spain
Forfurthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/4960
P.V. Ananda Mohan
VLSI Analog Filters
Active RC, OTA-C, and SC
P.V.AnandaMohan
ElectronicsCorporationofIndia,Ltd.
Bangalore,India
ISSN2164-3679 ISSN2164-3725(electronic)
ISBN978-0-8176-8357-3 ISBN978-0-8176-8358-0(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-0-8176-8358-0
SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012945909
#SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2013
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ConsultingEditor
M.N.S.Swamy,ConcordiaUniversity

To
Radha Nirmala

Preface
The design of mixed signal integrated circuits is of continuing interest. The most
important analog blocks in these are A/D converters, D/A converters, and filters.
Theartofanalogfilterdesignhasbeendocumentedinseveralclassicbooksusedin
academic institutions worldwide. Some books have focused completely on one
particular topic, such as switched-capacitor filters, current-mode filters, or active
RCfilters(basedonopamps).Somebookshavecoveredallorafewofthese.Tothe
author’sknowledgethemostrecentbookappearedin2005.
More recent industry requirements in mixed signal chips include low-voltage
operation,lowpowerrequirement,andhigh-frequencyoperation.Manyspecialized
techniques will be needed to achieve these objectives. These interesting and
innovativetechniquesaredocumentedinreputablejournalssuchtheIEEEJournal
of Solid-State Circuits and IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, among
others.Hence,introducingtheseintothecurriculumisofutmostimportancesothat
studentsmaygraduatewithup-to-dateknowledgetocatertotheneedsofindustry.
Inaddition,ithasbecomeimportanttoteachmostrelevantinformationintheshort
space of one or two semesters while giving sufficiently broad coverage of the
varioustopics.
This book is an effort in this direction. Contemporary designs of VLSI analog
filters can be classified into active RC filters, OTA (operational transconductance
amplifier)-Cfilters,SC(switched-capacitor)filters,log-domainfilters,MOSFET-C
filters, current-mode filters using devices such as current conveyors or current
feedback amplifiers, andsoon.Among these perhapsthemostpopularhave been
thefirstthreebecauseofthepossibleeaseofdesign,implementation,andversatil-
ity;goodhigh-frequencyperformance;andtheabilitytoworkatlowpowersupply
voltagesandinanacceptabledynamicrange.Inthisbook,wefocusonthesethree
areas.
Thestructureofthebookisasfollows.InChap.1,ageneralintroductiontothe
subject of VLSI analog filters is presented. Chapter 2 deals with active RC filters
ix
x Preface
starting from amplifiers and first-order filters and considers the effect of
nonidealitiesoftheopampandtechniquesforcompensationofthesenonidealities.
Second-order active RC filters using a single amplifier, two opamps, and more
opampsarecovered.Onlypopularstructuresareconsideredwithanalysispresented
onsensitivitytopassivecomponentsandeffectofopampbandwidth.Techniquesof
usingthefinitebandwidthofopampsinactivefilterrealizationtoeliminateoneor
bothcapacitorsneededinabiquadrealizationarealsoconsideredindetail.Active
RCfilterdesignbasedoncomponentsimulationandoperationalsimulationofLC
ladders as well as multiloop feedback filters are considered. Noise analysis and
distortionanalysisarealsodescribed.Designsthatcantakeadvantageofdifferen-
tialoutputamplifiersarealsodescribed.
InChap.3,activefilterdesignusingOTAsandcapacitorsisdescribedindetail.
First-orderfilters,second-orderfiltersusinggroundedcapacitors,andfiltersderived
through component simulation are studied in detail. Filters using OTAs with dual
currentoutputsandwithcurrentoutputsarealsostudiedindetail.High-orderfilter
designusingsomerecentlydescribedanalyticalsynthesistechniquesisconsidered
as well. The effect of nonideal frequency response of OTA and noise of OTA-C
filtersisdiscussedforvariousfilters.
Chapter4dealswithSCfilters.Theconceptsofswitchedcapacitorfilterandthe
methodofanalysisusingLaker’sequivalentcircuitaredescribedsoastoenablethe
reader to derive digital transfer functions of various filters. Second-order stray-
insensitive filters are considered in detail since they are the most popular in
industry. The optimal design of these filters to reduce area/capacitor spread/
sensitivity is considered. High-order SC filters based on operational simulation
are described in detail. Recent designs extend the frequency of operation of SC
filters by using a variety of interesting techniques such as N-path filters, double-
sampling, and precision opamp gain (POG). All these techniques are described in
detail. The analysis techniques for the nonidealities in SC filters such as opamp
offset, switch clock feedthrough, charge injection, distortion, finite gain, and
bandwidth of the opamp, foldover noise, and opamp 1/f noise are described in
great detail together with compensation techniques. Due to the most popular
application of SC circuits being in oversampled A/D converters, a section deals
exclusively with the architectures and performance-related issues. The design of
low-voltageSCfiltersisalsoconsideredforcompleteness.
SeveralinnovativedesignsusingthetechniquesconsideredinChaps.2,3,4,and
5havebeenfruitfullyemployedinmanycontemporaryintegratedsystem-on-chip
(SOC) designs. In Chap. 5, several recent application-specific designs have been
surveyedinordertoillustratehowthetheorycanbeappliedinpractice.
The book has several illustrations to explain the concepts clearly and has an
extensivebibliography.SeveralWINSPICE-basedsimulationexampleshavebeen
providedinChaps.2,3,4,and5sothattheperformanceofthevariouscircuitscan
beanalyzed.Thebookcanbeusedforself-studyorprescribedasatextbook.The
onlyprerequisiteisabasiccourseincircuitanalysis,andabasicknowledgeofDSP
fundamentals.