Vladimir Putin and Russia's imperial revival

254 Pages·2016·6.645 MB·English

by  McNabb, David E., Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich

Vladimir Putin and
Russia’s Imperial
Revival

Vladimir Putin and
Russia’s Imperial
Revival
David E. McNabb
CRC Press
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Contents
List of Figures ...................................................................................................xiii
List of Maps .......................................................................................................xv
List of Sourcelines ...........................................................................................xvii
List of Tables ....................................................................................................xix
List of Boxes .....................................................................................................xxi
List of Acronyms ............................................................................................xxiii
Preface .............................................................................................................xxv
Acknowledgments .........................................................................................xxvii
Author .............................................................................................................xxix
SeCtion i A MiLLenniUM oF eMPiRe BUiLDinG
1 The Collapse and Rebirth of the Soviet Empire .....................................3
1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................3
1.2 Rebuilding a Nation ..........................................................................5
1.2.1 Russia Is Back .......................................................................7
1.3 Shaping Putin’s Foreign Policy ...........................................................8
1.4 Rise of the Phoenix ............................................................................9
1.5 Regaining Status Lost ......................................................................10
1.6 Ending Ties with the West ..............................................................11
1.7 A Renewal of the Cold War? ............................................................11
1.8 Resurrecting Relations with Special-Interest Neighbors ...................12
1.8.1 Regaining Respect ..............................................................13
1.9 Conclusion ......................................................................................15
2 Stages in the Building of a Russian Empire .........................................17
2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................17
2.2 The Kievan Rus Empire ...................................................................19
2.3 The Muscovite Empire .....................................................................23
2.3.1 Territorial Expansion ..........................................................24
2.3.1.1 Expansion under Ivan IV .....................................24
vii
viii ◾ Contents
2.4 The Romanov Empire ......................................................................25
2.4.1 The Age of Catherine the Great ..........................................28
2.4.1.1 Growth after Catherine ........................................29
2.4.1.2 Setback in the Crimean War ................................30
2.4.2 Consolidation under the Romanovs ....................................31
2.5 The Soviet Empire ...........................................................................31
2.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................35
SeCtion ii FRoM UnCeRtAintY to
SUPReMe ConFiDenCe
3 Russia’s Foreign Policy in Transition ...................................................39
3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................39
3.2 Factors Shaping Post-Soviet Foreign Policy ......................................39
3.2.1 Ideological Foundation Shift ..............................................40
3.2.2 Effects of Socioeconomic Crises .........................................40
3.3 A New Role for Russia? ...................................................................43
3.4 Rebuilding the State ........................................................................45
3.4.1 Recentralization of the Political System .............................46
3.4.2 The Dictatorship of Law.....................................................46
3.4.3 Souverenaya Democratiya ...................................................47
3.4.3.1 Controlling Corruption .......................................48
3.4.3.2 Forging New Alliances .........................................48
3.4.4 Relations with Former Soviet Possessions ............................50
3.4.4.1 Rebuilding Russia’s Armed Forces ........................51
3.5 Russia, the EU and NATO ..............................................................52
3.5.1 Testing, Testing, Testing .....................................................53
3.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................54
4 The Putin-Era Foreign Policy of Consolidation ...................................57
4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................57
4.2 Evolution of the Consolidation Policy .............................................57
4.3 Putin-Era Foreign Relations ............................................................58
4.3.1 Relations with the West ......................................................59
4.3.2 Relations with Former Republics ........................................60
4.4 Foreign Policy Goals ........................................................................61
4.4.1 Regaining Superpower Status .............................................62
4.4.2 By Force If Necessary ..........................................................62
4.4.3 Against All Enemies ............................................................63
4.5 Russia’s Use of Soft Power ...............................................................65
4.5.1 Building Friendly Networks ................................................68
4.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................70
Contents ◾ ix
5 Building Defensive Barriers .................................................................73
5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................73
5.2 Building Barriers in the West ..........................................................74
5.2.1 The Brezhnev Doctrine .......................................................76
5.2.1.1 Changing Strategic Doctrines .............................77
5.2.1.2 Russia’s European Alliances 1970–1989 ...............79
5.3 Building Barriers in the East............................................................79
5.3.1 Strategic Aims in Central Asia ............................................81
5.3.2 Alliances in East, South and Southeast Asia ........................82
5.3.3 Maintaining Russia’s East Asian Policy ...............................83
5.3.3.1 Economic Strengths ............................................84
5.3.3.2 Strategic Alliances ...............................................84
5.3.3.3 Military Forces .....................................................85
5.4 Colonization and Deportation in the Conquered Territories ...........86
5.4.1 Colonization in Muscovite Russia .......................................87
5.4.2 Colonization in the Romanov Empire.................................88
5.4.2.1 Colonization for Economic Growth .....................88
5.4.2.2 Colonization for Security .....................................89
5.5 Conclusion .....................................................................................90
SeCtion iii RUSSiA’S FoReiGn PoLiCY WeAPonS
6 Reforming and Rearming Russia’s Military .........................................95
6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................95
6.2 The Need for Reforms .....................................................................95
6.2.1 Military Budgets .................................................................96
6.3 2000–2008 Military Reforms .........................................................97
6.3.1 Objections to Proposed Reform ..........................................97
6.3.2 Effects of the Chechnya Insurgencies ..................................97
6.3.3 Impact of the War with Georgia .........................................99
6.4 2008–2015 Military Reforms and Reorganizations .........................99
6.4.1 Objectives of the Reforms .................................................100
6.4.1.1 Reorganizing the Russian Army .........................100
6.4.1.2 Command-and-Control and Organizational
Changes .............................................................101
6.4.1.3 Land Forces Reorganization ...............................102
6.5 All-Forces Personnel Reductions ....................................................104
6.6 Rearming the Russian Military .....................................................105
6.6.1 The 2007–2015 Rearmament Plan ....................................105
6.6.2 The 2011–2020 Plan .........................................................105
6.7 Conclusion ....................................................................................107
x ◾ Contents
7 Russia’s Undeclared Cyber Wars ........................................................109
7.1 Introduction ..................................................................................109
7.2 Cyber Tactics .................................................................................111
7.3 2007: Cyber War with Estonia ......................................................112
7.4 2008: Cyber War with Lithuania ...................................................116
7.5 2009: Kyrgyzstan under Cyber Attack ..........................................117
7.6 2009: Cyber and Shooting War with Georgia................................118
7.7 Cyber Wars with Ukraine ..............................................................119
7.8 Conclusion ....................................................................................120
8 The Energy Weapon in Russia’s Foreign Policy ..................................123
8.1 Introduction ..................................................................................123
8.2 State Control of Energy Resources.................................................124
8.2.1 Decentralized Production .................................................125
8.2.1.1 Oil Production Areas .........................................125
8.2.1.2 Gas Production Areas .........................................125
8.3 Control of Transit Routes and Modes ............................................126
8.3.1 Alternative Sources of Supply ............................................127
8.3.2 Southern Pipeline Proposals ..............................................127
8.3.2.1 The South Stream Pipeline .................................128
8.3.2.2 The Trans-Caspian Pipeline ...............................129
8.3.2.3 The Turkmenistan–China Pipeline ....................129
8.4 Means for Implementing the Energy Weapon ...............................132
8.4.1 Problems and Pitfalls .........................................................133
8.4.2 Employing the Energy Weapon ........................................135
8.4.2.1 The 2006 Gas Crisis ...........................................135
8.4.2.2 The 2009 Gas Crisis ...........................................137
8.4.3 2014 Cutoffs in Ukraine ...................................................139
8.5 Acquiescence of Target Countries ..................................................139
8.6 Conclusion ....................................................................................141

SeCtion iV RUSSiA’S FoReiGn PoLiCY in ACtion
9 Russian Aggression in Ukraine: Empire Revival ................................145
9.1 Introduction ..................................................................................145
9.2 History of Russian–Ukraine Relations ..........................................145
9.2.1 The Orange Revolution .....................................................147
9.2.2 Ukrainians Protest Russian Language Law .......................148
9.2.2.1 The Maidan Protests ..........................................149
9.3 Putin’s Revenge .............................................................................150
9.3.1 The Importance of Crimea ................................................151
9.3.2 The Continuing War .........................................................153
9.3.2.1 The Takeover of Crimea .....................................154