Visualization and Optimization

436 Pages·1996·13.252 MB·English

by  Christopher V. Jones (auth.)

Visualization and Optimization
OPERATIONS RESEARCH/COMPUTER SCIENCE
INTERFACES
SERIES
Ramesh Sharda, Series Editor
Conoco/DuPont Chair of Management of Technology
Oklahoma State University
Stillwater, Oklahoma U.S.A.
Other published titles in the series:
Brown, Donald/Scherer, William T.
University of Virginia
Intelligent Scheduling Systems
Nash, Stephen G./Sofer, Ariela
George Mason University
The Impact of Emerging Technologies on Computer Science
and Operations Research
Barth, Peter
Max-Planck-Institut fur Informatik, Germany
Logic-Based 0-1 Constraint Programming
Visualization and
Optimization
Christopher V. Jones
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
ISBN 978-1-4613-6848-9 ISBN 978-1-4615-4121-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-4121-9
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A CLP. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of
Congress.
Copyright © 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1996
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical,
photo-copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of
the publisher, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Printed on acid-free paper.
Contents
Preface xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Preliminaries 1
1.2 Some History 6
1.3 Summary .. 11
1.4 Outline ofthe book 12
1.5 Flip Chart : 12
Bibliography : : : : : : 12
I A Framework for Visualization and Optimization 15
1.6 Tasks : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : . . 19
1.6.1 The Modeling Life Cycle : : : : : : : . . 19
1.6.2 Visualization and the Modeling Life Cycle 22
1.6.3 Summary 22
Bibliography . . . . . 24
2 People 25
2.1 The Perceptual System 26
2.2 The Motor System .. 26
2.3 The Cognitive System 27
2.3.1 Short-Term Memory 27
2.3.2 Long-Term Memory 27
2.3.3 Anchoring ... 27
2.4 Different Types of Users 28
2.5 Visualization Ability : 30
2.6 Left Brain, Right Brain 30
2.7 Summary 32
Bibliography : : : : : : : : 33
v
vi CONTENTS
3 Text and Tables 35
3.1 Introduction:::::::::: 35
3.2 Introduction to Text and Tables 35
3.3 Text:::::::::::::: 37
3.3.1 Formal Languages :: 40
3.3.2 Concluding Remarks About Text 44
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
3.4 Tables 45
3.4.1 Spreadsheets and Relational Databases 46
3.4.2 Multidimensional Tables 46
3.5 Summary 51
Bibliography : : : : : : : 51
4 Graphics and Animation 53
4.1 Static Graphics : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: 53
4.1.1 Results from Cognitive Psychology : : : : : :: 53
4.1.2 Frameworks for Constructing Graphic Represen
tations of Quantitative Data : : : : : : : : : :: 59
4.1.3 Cleveland and McGill's Experimentally Derived
Guidelines ::: 68
4.2 Color .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 71
4.2.1 Physics of Color 71
4.2.2 Color Models : : 72
4.2.3 Color Guidelines 74
4.3 Three-Dimensions ... 77
4.3.1 History::::: 78
4.3.2 Computing Perspective 78
4.3.3 Perceiving Three Dimensional Perspective 79
4.3.4 Three-Dimensional Displays 79
4.3.5 Volume Visualization 81
4.3.6 Summary:::::::::: 82
4.4 Animation ::::::::::::: 82
4.4.1 Results from Cognitive Psychology 83
4.4.2 Film and Computer Animation :: 84
4.4.3 Basic Computer Animation Techniques 85
4.4.4 Frameworks for Animation 91
4.4.5 Experimental Evidence 95
4.5 Summary 97
Bibliography : : : 100
5 Sound and Touch 105
5.1 Sound:::::::::: 105
5.1.1 Sound Basics : : 106
5.1.2 Sound Hardware 106
CONTENTS vii
5.1.3 Guidelines for Sound : : : : 107
5.1.4 Applications of Sonification : 108
5.2 Touch:::::::::::::::: 109
5.2.1 Cognitive Psychology : : : : 109
5.2.2 Hardware Devices that Exploit the Motor System 109
5.3 Summary 110
Bibliography : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 111
6 Hypermedia and Virtual Reality 113
6.1 Hypermedia::::::::: 113
6.1.1 World Wide Web : : . . 114
6.1.2 Guidelines for Hypertext 119
6.2 Virtual Reality ::::::::: 119
6.2.1 Types of Virtual Reality: 120
6.2.2 Limitations of Virtual Reality 121
6.2.3 Summary 121
Bibliography : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 122
II Visualization and the Modeling Life-cycle 125
Bibliography : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 128
7 Conceptual Models 129
7.1 Visual Interactive Modeling : . . 131
7.2 Conceptual Modeling Languages 134
7.3 Summary 134
Bibliography 135
8 Formulation 137
8.1 Algebraic Modeling Languages . . 140
8.2 Block-Structured Models : : : 144
8.2.1 Object-Oriented Languages 147
8.3 Spreadsheets ::::::::::: 149
8.4 Visual Modeling Languages : : : : 152
8.4.1 Activity-Constraint Graphs 153
8.4.2 Netform Representations : 159
8.4.3 Higher Conceptual Levels 160
8.4.4 Entity-Relationship Diagram Approaches 163
8.4.5 Structured Modeling :::::: 164
8.4.6 General Graph-Based Modeling: 168
8.4.7 Experimental Results 168
8.5 Direct Manipulation 169
8.6 Summary : : : : : : : : : : 172
viii CONTENTS
Bibliography : 173
9 Algorithm Execution 177
9.1 Interactive Optimization ::::::::: 177
9.2 Algorithm Animation : : : : : : : : : : : 178
9.2.1 Algorithm Animation for Teaching 178
9.2.2 Algorithm Animation for Research 184
9.2.3 Toolkits for Algorithm Animation: 187
9.2.4 Algorithm Animation and Simulation 188
9.3 Algorithm Theory : 188
9.4 Summary 191
Bibliography : : : 191
10 Solution Analysis 195
10.1 Sensitivity Analysis : : : : : : : : : : 195
10.2 Application Dependent Representations 198
10.3 Gantt Charts :::::::::: 198
10.4 Geographic Information Systems : 202
10.5 Space-Time Plots : 206
10.6 Summary : 207
Bibliography : : : : : : 208
III Visualization for Optimization 211
H. Text 215
11.1 History : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 215
11.2 Natural Language: : : : : : : : : 218
11.3 Symbolic Mathematics Systems : : 219
11.4 Syntax-Directed Editors : : 223
11.5 Optimization for Text : 223
11.6 Summary : 225
Bibliography : 225
12 Hypertext 227
12.1 Max : 227
12.2 Mentor : : 229
12.3 AIMMS : 232
12.4 gW : : : : 235
12.5 World Wide Web : 236
12.6 Summary : 237
Bibliography : : : : : : 237
CONTENTS ix
13 Networks and Graphs 239
13.1 Definitions ::::::::::::::: 239
13.2 General Graph-Based Modeling Systems 240
13.2.1 Combinatorics :: 240
13.2.2 Computer Science 246
13.2.3 Graph-Grammars 248
13.2.4 Summary : : : 254
13.3 Graph Drawing : : : : 254
13.3.1 Layout Criteria 258
13.3.2 Tree Layout: : 260
13.3.3 Planar Graphs: 268
13.3.4 Acyclic Directed Graphs 278
13.3.5 General Graphs : : : 278
13.3.6 Hierarchical Graphs : : : 279
13.3.7 Interactive Layout : 284
13.3.8 DistortedlFish-eye Views : 286
13.3.9 Summary of Distorted Views : 296
13.4 Summary : 296
Bibliography : : : : : : 297
14 Multiple Dimensions 303
14.1 Projection: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: : 303
14.1.1 Graph Layout : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 307
14.1.2 Visualizing Three-Dimensional Polyhedra : 314
14.1.3 Summary : : 317
14.2 Statistics ::::::: : 317
14.2.1 Scatterplots : : : 318
14.2.2 Chernoff Faces 320
14.2.3 Summary : : : 321
14.3 Parallel Coordinates 321
14.3.1 Points: : : : 322
14.3.2 Two-Dimensional Lines: 325
14.3.3 Lines with Slope 1 326
14.3.4 n-Dimensional Lines : : 327
14.3.5 Parallel Lines in 2 Dimensions 328
14.3.6 Parallel Lines in n-Dimensions 329
14.3.7 Two-Dimensional Half-Spaces 329
14.3.8 n-Dimensional Half-Spaces 331
14.3.9 The Construction in Detail :: 334
14.3.10 Linear Programming ::::: 336
14.3.11 Hypercubes and Hyperspheres 338
14.3.12 Summary of Parallel Coordinates 341
14.4 Worlds within Worlds : : : : : : : : : : 341
x CONTENTS
14.4.1 Summary of Worlds within Worlds 345
14.5 Summary 345
Bibliography 346
15 Animation 349
15.1 Animation for Optimization: : : : : : : : : : : : :: 349
15.1.1 DynamicQueries ::::::::::::::: 357
15.1.2 Animated Sensitivity Analysis and the Traveling
Salesman Problem ::::::::::::::: 359
15.1.3 An Application of Animated Sensitivity Analysis
to Chemistry ::: 361
15.2 Optimization for Animation 363
15.3 Summary 369
Bibliography : : : : : : : : : : 369
16 Sound, Touch and Virtual Reality 371
16.1 Sound: : : : : : 371
16.1.1 Summary : 372
16.2 Touch : : : : : : 372
16.2.1 Summary 374
16.3 Virtual Reality 374
16.4 Summary 376
Bibliography : : : : 376
17 Visualization Tools 379
17.1 Visual Languages : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: 379
17.1.1 An Example ::::::::::::::::: 381
17.1.2 Problems with Visual Visualization Languages 382
17.2 Textual Languages 382
17.3 Tabular Languages 386
17.4 Summary 387
Bibliography 387
18 Integration 389
18.1 Experimental Evidence : 389
18.2 Multiple Representations 390
18.3 Multiple Users 394
18.4 Summary 395
Bibliography : : : : 395
19 Research and Future Directions 401
19.1 Research : 401
19.2 Future : 405
Bibliography : : 409