Visual Anatomy & Physiology (Part I) PDF
Preview Visual Anatomy & Physiology (Part I)
A Complete Learning Solution Visual Anatomy Module 4.16 Muscle tissue is specialized for contraction and Neural Tissue & Physiology, neural tissue is specialized for communication Neural tissue, which is also known as nervous tissue, is specialized to conduct electrical Muscle Tissue itnmiessrpuvuoel usienss st fhyrseot mebmo od. nyNe ie sru einrga itlo htneis osbufr eath icneo abnnotdadi yns psto itn waanol oc totyhrpdeer,s .w Nohfi incceehlt lyas-:r ee(i1 gt)hh net epcuoerrnoctenronslt ( coNefn OtthOeer Rsn -oeoufn trhza;le Second Edition cT(nMmsptsoyyuhr1tnpasrcoaetittlen deaeaecsyiutimer Ssne (olickvlmka d,sfcee ile )ootlsdamu,lea nrre altalbe tutna nmli fayollesndu ol mccno umnnmhtlvgceuicgaveu lu st,vtete mcihsscei aolstcc yeetmiesnlllses euinedssn,)u ue .ttiodtilg i:etniro sriesssgpivsf kcssa uaolttaueennehill lvesv,d ee i eeb,st t nh b waaftmeanolorhu taudmdo riacnecvyaltuddhsl e, fo s tm rimiic nosslse oemsun,vp e tceoe. amocnrfied eao inlpainztlce aeo cmdkfe ibfu ntolsodorc oalocednor, onaaattnnrhroodaeut crshn.tm ieMdoro n—tooh.v temTeh chm omaeverreudnemsi taoc ierlvseen a. tst hcourfe laer S tMNrifiauubtcsielocerlnies n(annnee1ouduMo rrsioo-thoNpRn,a crnsOepho.eu eocMGrrsneov sd-vaenslranē )isrioy - naytn uarfn woahrdern imo ds(afre2sae l )ntyrl oi .sooi neTnnovgfh -oe lreairrkō smlae o-al Ga nl kimtgvLiioenieĒnsntdtg-eTdif nsrfu rNhceocr f nehoeooum(old3 rf)cmdmlm r,9slosoe e o ptuainnupihnntru,pdsli e aoa.tygrp)r ecni !tonltorre,ie uee t racsetyurtolh p) (ri bDo nrciipceponEegaclsdNsalle ..lclyc y-isTvde e aerlh (īlr agtseensl,i; i drac so, ilgzleleusc et)iv.ely called neuroglia Tcslehelenls da. Bexero, cntah cueosyen a daruexo catnlsss ot th ecanatld lien tdfoo nbrmeer avvteei orfyinb l eotorns go.t ahnedr camtoopo mpddrebouliialvnaceerh rs o awarng ivt aeihnsa uiasza yal- ttioo-n LM × 180 kbuniicTcnzaanrsuh23etalruoceldednealwry eidclico lnunhho yCtStcithhs eennmaeywa.erld nrsttprTo oie,ec hedt cuh easrohceciagylcneatta olrhanehasudcrdn eodltc l smmatia.s hu i croatntCrtraeruuet c gojical tduyssasllhntrseccpttn ide dieo ellaezc ieedisnbracet s ,e,titcois coaiia . dsssmlnr-ssy.e suu.u sFeeshoc iiorlsse r eff toocx, euualmnnlsddp, ailnels, o CSguakrurienadlraeidartc yae lmtn mrtaurucastsncsclc;el ege msse namonevodreav sete ebx o ilhtorse os tatdota ; ba tahninleidzd edm p itgrahoeients ettpaicvoitens i,isn tr mIitbenoeSsltunCrotpeNnrs daooriicauracridfalsldcta e tctoipllioh oeaascrrenrgitceeye salss,ld sknsauesnr.ldeet. on; LM × 450 faIstnnuinupues2n psputgucrpereiteoaonei ronTnnraeatnsnrtehn, .a usdseacl.ur , rnem Eoepn drag peaa eclrulirilheynaaerp ,tt ott seaaoeygeidia pnlrvi c etae nhto rhhpe awieuarlt ossridt ataphielf r fcdseitmpir,s eetanicnrityfic t tcfyiu vpNneeu csct oileofo nl.u sMicrofTniadhinbshuaifv rseoacii dl l rascweme eovah luaelnlout rndbilsyoed, o ml.nae idMms ripy cnwoir rtcoooseeotcrtdl mlnuen aastbeaassbuul ii vinnrclleaiogsitrrs ny caiao su tnl ouamlda srrcg setokthepar ceganne aicucrnno ecittesnlrse.ilt eoluNrelolsfsee l.aaus Tc,fnr ehtsadeonilsr tat tieii hnsspr sej t••••• Frufuh yoo ureMRPPRie mryncn er eet.atstaohihrpgceinnitfveneturaoeneisir tdi lrncooertoaame ietftntiftno n l ei nleaspr petuul h ho fhtrlaearfuyig l esiNc dtoinoice cstsmasysuulu t ptrrsoeorotoos r fnsiguursiaetclnimiutodaurneiorne wnog osof nftr hkenSw eueaitirfuteothresna roosl ittfnh icsjeuosrurn ycetealclst ubmtwcoosoiedetvoheae aktoyrn sat’us hdgtt hsa etsteti aumo ucndfnre eeAii-fienq&ecdtuffiPissne— ctogloyif etp nhicte s smooth muscle is found in the skin, in the wdrshepiaagpivlnerlessod tadolie vufs- eibcsn,th lrgoiavelopeesdp ,eo cidvrre,ega nsataostnnrerdsaly.sl ,n ,T n uaohurnniecnds lcat eirernuilya sl,mst. a eaandrnd,e y a s nhdo rt, Sdmiamooetthe rm ouf srcelsep miraotvoerys fpoaosdsa, ugreinwea,y asn; adn rdep rermogduSuNumslaucctoltceeiolvs ecet dihe tilarlasmcte steerc roeft biolonos;d c ovenstsroellss. LM × 235 Ocitnhouvemo rc lmcevoleuln sbn stoichcdieaoy tupi aosrnn oadp na atmdgr auaovtnnieocgl on ann loeosufnc erigool etunchsste rti nihacxo atouhl ngeim h tbotpr paurirelnsoae.cc sSeh ust hoscetahhst ceraorer mflec eegmlceltsnu .tenhrieca taetido ant abcM... o DWvDdeieuhssstsliciceenrhl ig 4b dtu.eyi1aip st6mhhe eRebo tetfee hmtvrrw?ieueeeswe ctnyle pn teeissus oruofe nm rseu agsnucdllea n tteeissus buroleog.olida. rnheueqarusltiinhreg pd ar ofnofder scosatihroeenersr .asl ilnie d 164 • Chapter 4: Tissue Level of Organization 4.16 Specify the functions of muscle tissue and neural tissue. Section 3: Muscle Tissue and Neural Tissue • 165 Visual Anatomy Activity 5.3 EMpicitrhoeslciaolp Tiics sOubes: ervations of Columnar Epithelia B Pseudostratified Columnar & Physiology View a slide of the trachea under low power. Move the slide so that a region of the epithelium that lines the lumen u CAT Version CthoeTSTl AyiuwmpBmeiLpdEnlt e5ha .cr.3 o TelpauTbimtylhenpe a5leri.a3s cosuofn mCtoamilnua rmcizenellssa trihn Ee wp tihhtrihceehel ittayhpe ehse oDSigfie nhcsgctor lilieusp ltmgaioryneneaar troe efr p ttaihtllha (neclo ilau. m nar) cells I(Ensxtnaomemrp allienchin, gsm oaf ltlh aen gda lsatrrgoein intetsetsitninale tsr)act o f the 1traUetAbaschhrphecneeaticed t upaaaihematue eri lsds slplhy ie iaari,ffi ennglat eshcldh lrtse i ehtispslohn loeeosnet m pwc a ltcieereheteenvh ral ce,ltle tseoeol l stlicrtblhu os absome utedeferccr oe dtcvha hoa neu atern otshte tehtfde a is ar eitiebeffnhtlv aadesteecsh r orocaeheanelnf lt nlll tvhalyl sualim e eoeych veswnliaenuerev.isal r esSi cf.on, a wTe dgf cthl iilciehff vtele.ceaei lnnh ylrsgeue .t n rco lte hi igh pow2erIsfebmtdr htpteoreooeuiamntv tschoet utrietb ufhhrslysfiruyea aeectb lcrshsi scelv umpite.eararlf i,olncta sthjacc.he Teleeiclnhsy toe ,eiat pnfho c cmigar tio lhioiraselsis lkt i eu m in m3oreTncsscc uleolhuidedlrnimlaesfsetar t)ae.e ac oTtipreinhrohli. .ita wuenIhdt sg hrese em liemnitgucitusiurmiohfcecyno.t u cestuosh osm nte fcyts utepaehclii lnucecsaess c (lloellgysnlo loastbo pnl e ptththe eae r Lalal obf t Mhea stnreunagtlh bs roinf gs PSwtsirelalu tnidfoioets dbt reca orteilfuqiemudinr ceaodrl (utrome liandtaeivrnetliyfy r aitr)e, so you ErbToewpnaasilotlyalh y lot e hlirals eim mun smooiuntr ra eafbap leacpceyeae lauarrssys eeo t rfao ilc slbo tcelhuo semltu crmanetalinlfrsia ecrreedsl,l tsb oubntu ittt h e IlLunannrggeer ldinuinctgs ooff tsraalcivhaeray agnladn ldasrg aen adi rpwaanycsr einas Lumen tAhnea rtoevmoylu &t iPohnyasrioyl oVgisyu al anatomy&aphysiology Sl o1cAcaan▶▶WNcth eo Sah at tiysrihmca liieecsdp tetteehlhp eroiaiiss ttfC th e aitocpehl lllih eitutuhe hsmmleempl nin uyaauaomlllcoru l i nec Entlgiopat a e stcirsshteltiahefii lsn eoessedcliufi a yuurat fntsemah ddscii seema .ret p pla olibetwho c euomltli uutahmmgenn? siafarim?caet iloenve al nind a ll the cells. How does this 2Usebfimsmtupnrnaairuigcditfxnsraheeiohimcrenr-ev llbghiii izuakl ioefglemrrir e.hi ad npTa.b pTegr hosohroeeof,ji w yesraissp c mlefs outattriina,rcnoo uoltgcnnluc bt is ttnaios houklteflenren yrne s v osta,ut eouwki tns rnrtienfainhoaer lceaic nwecr setdees ns aaol.o lasrsffk e s tte hottrhhe e e ▶4Ibot(npecctngohoipbuesl o eientlitcsatoh bhuenlm,he welerdaeeeiv u n ,oscelto aidcp dtsapcftiort avl ieittar otuccehhlahwlnees setete is l) ic pfi ly,ls.s eitoesrLu,h loudatulmsheveb r ie .edd lee de p PseudCeoopcsnoittnlrhluaaetemtBmiclsiiafitsuniiseunvmaadeearl Trachea, cross section LM × 1000 bmvmmiosaaouonxdakiuuml talaaoilpz r cet pooh rlrmeeog aalbaarcninbnhiiz.e n wTasgth ia.it oihT snh al aet bo Stephen n. SArikAS Epithelium Nuclei of epithelial cells Lumen 3NmtpfDcrreherooedueolmplt.ysccee eo m shntsuehasdacse ryiar sn ce dnhaegtidp esl dol t ppseiingn ern( oeagcthhsrttoa ietecvbincvl epeltce,esa er o tecrts v hhp cotaeeeahrlm lr-eselasst phdita)cii.aioi atgnTphnlheesee,.s de dltti h uimbvemleuus e ce u osr Dieti▶Mddipsueeaistnnruhkitteneiii ffnglayyir ag yettlohh laCuaeeroy rrcf eaunoornnbn.n gcWsneeeteidCrhocv tytnianii svtdo ietooonh ftn i yiscssso os wouunf aen tey htep?hic ni(attHkihtv eiieesnlp i ttfaii:ot,s Rhusyueneolefduie.a) rjw uatneosrtd eyd ocaeousenkrp ent tdeeox ct teto iat voce h lhaabn pdrsa-cotnic aec ctiovnitsiiesst sin o f Conneticstsiuvee Small intestine, cross section LM × 650 4Nettihpsoesittu ichceoee.n l Ttinuhhemaect e tiisipmv aietm h ltaeeisyldsieuuiram eot ebf il scyy o sbaen ebpnloaaerswcaat titlve hledae m froinma . TamIlhnlueecr agoTiiurc sh wr ceeeaE blclst rie Co(agntLohsb eIal nenctdo c nIcetaClalusi ns) esis i Mdp naia u stsrehcttaiiocecskuu eRyls.a eT stSshueepeb mc ismrrtaaeautttntcoiecourre nsyt thss hTea arctat rc cetarttanep dps rb poyma rotitcele s tahssei glanba mblea ncuoanlt aenndt in that you breathe in. The beating cilia then move this debris to the throat, where it is swallowed. MasteringA&P. Main, 54 ExErcisE 5 Tissues ExErcisE 5 Tissues 55 Cat, and Pig versions are #Ti 1tl0e9: 3V1is6u a l ACnuastto: mPeya r&so Pnh BysCio /l oCgAy /M SaFi n bAouo: kS a rSikearvs_e1r:0 93 16 Pg. No. 54 ShCo /r tM / N/ Yo r/m KalS4-DCEPSuIbGlAiNsh SiRnEgR VSLeICrvEiISce OSsFLE #Ti 1tl0e9: 3V1is6u a l ACnuastto: mPeya r&so Pnh BysCio /l oCgAy /M SaFi n bAouo: kS a rSikearvs_e1r:0 93 16 Pg. No. 55 ShCo /r tM / N/ Yo r/m KalS4-DCEPSuIbGlAiNsh SiRnEgR VSLeICrvEiISce OSsFLE available. MasteringA&P is an online learning and assessment system proven to help students learn and designed to help instructors teach more efficiently. • Lets instructors easily assign media that is automatically graded • Provides students with personalized coaching through answer-specific feedback and hints • Motivates students to come to class prepared • Easily captures data to demonstrate assessment outcomes A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 1 11/12/13 4:35 AM The Modular Organization The time-saving modular organization presents topics in two-page spreads. These two-page spreads give students an efficient organization for managing their time. Students can study each module during the limited time they have in their busy schedules—ten minutes for one module now, ten minutes for another module later—checking off each module as they complete it. Module 15.19 Photoreception involves activation, bleaching, First, the top left page and reassembly of visual pigments begins with a full-sentence topic heading that teaches RESTING STATE 1 The plasma membrane in the outer segment of the photoreceptor 3 Opsin then activates 4 Phosphodiesterase is an ACTIVE STATE contains chemically gated sodium ion channels. In darkness, these transducin, a G enzyme that breaks down the major point of the mod- gated channels are kept open in the presence of cGMP (cyclic guanosine protein bound to the disc cGMP. The removal of cGMP ule. (These topic headings monophosphate), a derivative of the high-energy compound guanosine membrane. The transducin from the gated sodium channels are correlated by number to –40 mV triphosphate (GTP). Because the channels are open, the membrane in turn activates the enzyme results in their inactivation. –70 mV potential is approximately –40 mV, rather than the –70 mV typical of phosphodiesterase (PDE). The rate of Na+ entry into the the learning outcomes on the resting neurons. At the –40 mV membrane potential, the photoreceptor cytosol then decreases. chapter-opening page and at is continuously releasing neurotransmitters across synapses to bipolar the bottom of each module. cells. The inner segment also continuously pumps sodium ions (Na+) out of the cytosol. The learning outcomes are derived from the learning Cytosol 5 Tthhee r dateec roefa Nsea +in outcomes recommended entry reduces the dark by the Human Anatomy Na+ Disc current. At the same Na+ & Physiology Society.) Na+ Na+ tciomneti,n aucetisv teo t reaxnpsoprot rNt a+ The movement Rhodopsin Na+ from the cytosol. When of ions into the GMP the sodium channels outer segment, cGMP Gated Na+ PDE close, the membrane osne tgom thene ti,n annedr channel cGMP potential drops toward Next, the red-boxed num- out of the cell is Transducin –70 mV. As the plasma bers guide students through dkanrokw cnu arrse tnhte. Dmiescmbrane mizeesm, tbhrea nraet eh yopf enrepuorloa-r- the presentation of the topic. transmitter release decreases. This decrease signals the adjacent Na+ bipolar cell that the Na+ photoreceptor has absorbed a photon. Rod 2 The bound retinal molecule in rhodop- 6 Rhodopsin cannot respond to additional photons until its retinal sin has two possible configurations: the component regains its original shape. It does not spontaneously bent or curved 11-cis form and the more linear revert to the 11-cis form. Instead, the entire rhodopsin molecule must Then, instead of long 11-trans form. Normally, in the dark, the be broken down into retinal and opsin in a process called bleaching. columns of narrative text molecule is in the 11-cis form. On absorbing The retinal is then converted to its original cis shape. This conversion light it changes to the 11-trans form. This requires energy in the form of ATP. Opsin and 11-cis retinal are that refer to visuals, brief change activates the opsin molecule. reassembled and the rhodopsin molecule is ready to repeat the cycle. text is built right into the visuals. Students read while ATP ADP Photon looking at the correspond- enzyme ing visual, which means: Rhodopsin • No long paragraphs Neurotransmitter Opsin Opsin release • No page flipping Bipolar 11-cis 1 r1e-ttirnaanls • Everything in one place cell retinal Module 15.19 Review Opsin a. Visual pigments undergo which three changes during photoreception? ACTIVATION BLEACHING REASSEMBLY b. What are the two configurations of retinal? c. When during photoreception is ATP required? 572 • Chapter 15: The Special Senses 15.19 Explain photoreception and how visual pigments are activated. Section 3: Vision • 573 A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 2 11/12/13 4:35 AM Module 15.19 Photoreception involves activation, bleaching, and reassembly of visual pigments RESTING STATE 1 The plasma membrane in the outer segment of the photoreceptor 3 Opsin then activates 4 Phosphodiesterase is an ACTIVE STATE contains chemically gated sodium ion channels. In darkness, these transducin, a G enzyme that breaks down gated channels are kept open in the presence of cGMP (cyclic guanosine protein bound to the disc cGMP. The removal of cGMP monophosphate), a derivative of the high-energy compound guanosine membrane. The transducin from the gated sodium channels –40 mV triphosphate (GTP). Because the channels are open, the membrane in turn activates the enzyme results in their inactivation. –70 mV potential is approximately –40 mV, rather than the –70 mV typical of phosphodiesterase (PDE). The rate of Na+ entry into the resting neurons. At the –40 mV membrane potential, the photoreceptor cytosol then decreases. is continuously releasing neurotransmitters across synapses to bipolar cells. The inner segment also continuously pumps sodium ions (Na+) out of the cytosol. 5 The decrease in Cytosol the rate of Na+ entry reduces the dark Disc current. At the same Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ tciomneti,n aucetisv teo t reaxnpsoprot rNt a+ The movement Rhodopsin Na+ from the cytosol. When of ions into the GMP the sodium channels outer segment, cGMP Gated Na+ PDE close, the membrane osne tgom thene ti,n annedr channel cGMP potential drops toward out of the cell is Transducin –70 mV. As the plasma known as the Disc membrane hyperpolar- dark current. membrane izes, the rate of neuro- transmitter release decreases. This decrease signals the adjacent Na+ bipolar cell that the Na+ photoreceptor has absorbed a photon. Rod 2 The bound retinal molecule in rhodop- 6 Rhodopsin cannot respond to additional photons until its retinal sin has two possible configurations: the component regains its original shape. It does not spontaneously bent or curved 11-cis form and the more linear revert to the 11-cis form. Instead, the entire rhodopsin molecule must 11-trans form. Normally, in the dark, the be broken down into retinal and opsin in a process called bleaching. molecule is in the 11-cis form. On absorbing The retinal is then converted to its original cis shape. This conversion light it changes to the 11-trans form. This requires energy in the form of ATP. Opsin and 11-cis retinal are change activates the opsin molecule. reassembled and the rhodopsin molecule is ready to repeat the cycle. ATP ADP Photon enzyme Rhodopsin Neurotransmitter Opsin Opsin release Bipolar 11-cis 1 r1e-ttirnaanls cell retinal Module 15.19 Review Opsin a. Visual pigments undergo which three changes Finally, each module ends during photoreception? with a set of Module Review ACTIVATION BLEACHING REASSEMBLY b. What are the two configurations of retinal? questions that help students c. When during photoreception is ATP required? check their understanding before moving on. 572 • Chapter 15: The Special Senses 15.19 Explain photoreception and how visual pigments are activated. Section 3: Vision • 573 A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 3 11/12/13 4:35 AM The Visual Approach The unique visual approach allows the illustrations to be the central teaching and learning element, with the text built directly around them—creating true text-art integration. This approach matches how students naturally want to use their A&P textbook. Our extensive research with A&P students—via student reviews, student focus groups, and student class tests—reveals that A&P students go first to the visuals and then to the corresponding text. Module 3.19 Watch During interphase, the cell 1 2 During the S phase of the DNA replication begins when DNA helicase prepares for cell division cell cycle, DNA is replicated. enzymes unwind the strands and disrupt the DNA Replication The goal of DNA replication is to hydrogen bonds between the bases. As the strands copy the genetic information in unwind, molecules of DNA polymerase bind to Most cells spend only a small part of their time actively engaged in cell the nucleus. The process occurs in the exposed nitrogenous bases. This enzyme (1) division. Somatic (soma, body) cells spend most of their functional lives cells preparing to undergo either promotes bonding between the nitrogenous bases mitosis or meiosis. of the DNA strand and complementary DNA in a state known as interphase. During interphase, a cell performs all its nucleotides in the nucleoplasm and (2) links the normal functions and, if necessary, prepares for cell division. nucleotides by covalent bonds. 1 In a cell preparing to divide, When the G1 phase is complete, the cell enters 1 2 2 interphase can be divided the S phase. Over the next 6–8 hours, the cell 3 As the two original strands gradually into the G1, S, and G2 phases. duplicates its chromosomes. This involves DNA 4 separate, DNA polymerase binds to the replication and the synthesis of histones 5 strands. DNA polymerase can work in and other proteins in the nucleus. 7 6 only one direction along a strand of DNA, 9 8 but the two strands in a DNA molecule A cell that is ready to are oriented in opposite directions. The dpmcyihvataoikdseseeks. e fieIlnrens tottah ueli gsen hltpee hmmrasei sttneoh,tce sth ,hG oee1nn cdderolilap,l as- D6 NStoA 8 hours endsr, etphleicWrea htiiseo ann b DrNieAf Segment 2 DNA nucleotide DsmctoNrapaAkyne dpt ah os aslhytino mgwgrelonerwa ,h scseeo tr nobetwo ainuadunrddods u t tnhsou e ctc “ohlzemeipo upptpiledeprme.”esre tnot ary mic reticula, ribosomes, Golgi replication, (2- to 5-hour) G2 phase mtrewpeomli cfubanrtaicontnieo sbn, eaagln icdne slc lisyn.t CoGse1on alt nrfoidorl e shyinsttoohfneesiss 2 t depvrcooottmeeidpn lt seoyt ilnnatsght -ecmseinsin tarunitodele t o 6 7 8 Segment 1 3 DwNorAk poonllyym aweraays efr oonm t hthee l oziwpepre sr.t rSaon tdh cean cGtoo2pm. Isnmp aeo ecndelyl,l Gcdo1iv nmitdianinyug lea sas ttu ntil P Gro2tein o 5 hours replication. 1 2 3 4 5 fisctorrsmatn DpdlNe mAmu pesnot tlayadmryde DnraNuscAel e tsootrt abidninedds m atono dvth ibnisugi lfdro am jcuesllt p8o–u12rs h aollu itrss .e Snuecrhg ya ours G1 synthesis lceofnt ttion urieg htot. uAns ztihpe, atdwdoi toioringainl anlu sctlreaontdidses into mitosis, and all e h Normal THE KEY are continuously being exposed to the other activities cease. mor pcleulsl fcuenllc gtiroonwsth, CELL Adenine 4 nonu ctlheios psltarasmnd. Tchaen nfiorstt g DoN inAt poo relyvmeresrea.s Iet wIf eGe1k lsa,s otsr fmoro dnathyss,, ro 8 o prrgoatneeinll esy dnuthpelisciastion, CYCLE Prophase Guanine Tphouinst, ao fs eucnoznipdp DinNgA a npdo laysmseemrabsele m au csotm bpinldem cleonstearr tyo c tohpey cita anl roenadlyy c sotnartitneude. to elongate the strand preparation for mitosis Cytosine (segment 2) that grows until it “bumps into” segment 1 created by the first DNA polymerase. Enzymes called occurs as the cell MITOSIS pfuenrcfotiromnss .its normal Metaphase Thymine DthNeA tw liog aDsNeAs (sLeĪg-gmāes-netzs;. liga, to tie) then splice together A n Telophase aphase 1 to 3 hours MAN PDh aCsYeT –O MKIINTOESSIISS itdh3een cteicnEsattvrlre aiDonnlNtdeussAa. dl Tlmyuh,p otelhli eccecoa uutpenlyedzisn,i pahgnp aedivnne tdg hf soce, ro tnmmheeepc dlelae.s stsOtea lsnrypyc s leeiec ntpihnzaeygr ma DitseeN sds A otahnn ieesd , o rpaernripgodliti ncetwaaintlo esd , synthesized, the cell leaves interphase and is ready to proceed to mitosis. Module 3.19 Review G 0 a. Describe interphase, and identify its stages. An interphase cell in the G0 phase is not b. What enzymes must be present for Descriptions and preparing for division, but is instead performing Duplicated DNA double helices DNA replication to proceed normally? all of the other functions appropriate for that particu- key terminology are lar cell type. Some mature cells, such as skeletal muscle c. A cell is actively manufacturing enough organelles to serve two functional cells. embedded in the art. cells and most neurons, remain in G0 indefinitely and never This cell is probably in what phase of divide. In contrast, stem cells, which divide repeatedly with interphase? very brief interphase periods, never enter G0. 122 • Chapter 3: Cellular Level of Organization 3.19 Describe interphase, and explain its significance. Section 4: Cell Life Cycle • 123 A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 4 11/12/13 4:35 AM Module 3.19 Watch During interphase, the cell 1 2 During the S phase of the DNA replication begins when DNA helicase prepares for cell division cell cycle, DNA is replicated. enzymes unwind the strands and disrupt the Step numbers and DNA Replication The goal of DNA replication is to hydrogen bonds between the bases. As the strands copy the genetic information in unwind, molecules of DNA polymerase bind to manageable Most cells spend only a small part of their time actively engaged in cell the nucleus. The process occurs in the exposed nitrogenous bases. This enzyme (1) “chunks” of division. Somatic (soma, body) cells spend most of their functional lives cells preparing to undergo either promotes bonding between the nitrogenous bases information that mitosis or meiosis. of the DNA strand and complementary DNA inno arm staalt efu knncotiwonn sa as nindt, eifr npehcaesses.a Dryu, rpinregp ianrteesr pfohra cseel,l a d civeilsl ipoenr.f orms all its nnuucclleeoottiiddeess ibny t choev naulecnlet obpolnadsms. and (2) links the are linked to visuals guide students through 1 In a cell preparing to divide, When the G1 phase is complete, the cell enters 1 complex processes. 2 2 interphase can be divided the S phase. Over the next 6–8 hours, the cell 3 As the two original strands gradually into the G1, S, and G2 phases. duplicates its chromosomes. This involves DNA 4 separate, DNA polymerase binds to the replication and the synthesis of histones 5 strands. DNA polymerase can work in and other proteins in the nucleus. 7 6 only one direction along a strand of DNA, 9 8 but the two strands in a DNA molecule A cell that is ready to are oriented in opposite directions. The dpmcyihvataoikdseseeks. e fieIlnrens tottah ueli gsen hltpee hmmrasei sttneoh,tce sth ,hG oee1nn cdderolilap,l as- D6 NStoA 8 hours endsr, etphleicWrea htiiseo ann b DrNieAf Segment 2 DNA nucleotide DsmctoNrapaAkyne dpt ah os aslhytino mgwgrelonerwa ,h scseeo tr nobetwo ainuadunrddods u t tnhsou e ctc “ohlzemeipo upptpiledeprme.”esre tnot ary mic reticula, ribosomes, Golgi replication, (2- to 5-hour) G2 phase mtrewpeomli cfubanrtaicontnieo sbn, eaagln icdne slc lisyn.t CoGse1on alt nrfoidorl e shyinsttoohfneesiss 2 t depvrcooottmeeidpn lt seoyt ilnnatsght -ecmseinsin tarunitodele t o 6 7 8 Segment 1 3 DwNorAk poonllyym aweraays efr oonm t hthee l oziwpepre sr.t rSaon tdh cean cGtoo2pm. Isnmp aeo ecndelyl,l Gcdo1iv nmitdianinyug lea sas ttu ntil P Gro2tein o 5 hours replication. 1 2 3 4 5 fisctorrsmatn DpdlNe mAmu pesnot tlayadmryde DnraNuscAel e tsootrt abidninedds m atono dvth ibnisugi lfdro am jcuesllt p8o–u12rs h aollu itrss .e Snuecrhg ya ours G1 synthesis lceofnt ttion urieg htot. uAns ztihpe, atdwdoi toioringainl anlu sctlreaontdidses into mitosis, and all e h Normal THE KEY are continuously being exposed to the other activities cease. mor pcleulsl fcuenllc gtiroonwsth, CELL Adenine 4 nonu ctlheios psltarasmnd. Tchaen nfiorstt g DoN inAt poo relyvmeresrea.s Iet wIf eGe1k lsa,s otsr fmoro dnathyss,, ro 8 o prrgoatneeinll esy dnuthpelisciastion, CYCLE Prophase Guanine Tphouinst, ao fs eucnoznipdp DinNgA a npdo laysmseemrabsele m au csotm bpinldem cleonstearr tyo c tohpey cita anl roenadlyy c sotnartitneude. to elongate the strand preparation for mitosis Cytosine (segment 2) that grows until it “bumps into” segment 1 created by the first DNA polymerase. Enzymes called occurs as the cell MITOSIS pfuenrcfotiromnss .its normal Metaphase Thymine DthNeA tw liog aDsNeAs (sLeĪg-gmāes-netzs;. liga, to tie) then splice together A n Telophase aphase 1 to 3 hours MAN PDh aCsYeT –O MKIINTOESSIISS itdh3een cteicnEsattvrlre aiDonnlNtdeussAa. dl Tlmyuh,p otelhli eccecoa uutpenlyedzisn,i pahgnp aedvinne tdg hf soce, ro tnmmheeepc dlelae.s stsOtea lsnrypyc s leeiec ntpihnzaeygr ma DitseeN sds A otahnn ieesd , o rpaernripgodliti ncetwaaintlo esd , synthesized, the cell leaves interphase and is ready to proceed to mitosis. Module 3.19 Review G 0 a. Describe interphase, and identify its stages. An interphase cell in the G0 phase is not b. What enzymes must be present for preparing for division, but is instead performing Duplicated DNA double helices DNA replication to proceed normally? NEW Tough Topic all of the other functions appropriate for that particu- c. A cell is actively manufacturing enough Coaching Activities lar cell type. Some mature cells, such as skeletal muscle organelles to serve two functional cells. cells and most neurons, remain in G indefinitely and never One module in each chapter now 0 This cell is probably in what phase of divide. In contrast, stem cells, which divide repeatedly with interphase? has an assignable Coaching very brief interphase periods, never enter G0. Activity in MasteringA&P. 122 • Chapter 3: Cellular Level of Organization 3.19 Describe interphase, and explain its significance. Section 4: Cell Life Cycle • 123 A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 5 11/12/13 4:35 AM Astrocytes maintain the blood–brain barrier Oligodendrocytes (ol-i-gō-DEN-drō-sīts; oligo-, few) provide a that isolates the CNS from the chemicals and structural framework within the CNS by stabilizing the positions of hormones circulating in the blood. They also axons. They also produce myelin (MĪ-e-lin), a membranous provide structural support within neural tissue; wrapping that coats axons and increases the speed of nerve regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concen- impulse transmission. When myelinating an axon, the tip of an trations in the interstitial fluid surrounding the oligodendrocyte process expands to form an enormous membra- neurons; absorb and recycle neurotransmitters nous pad containing very little cytoplasm. This flattened “pancake” that are not broken down or reabsorbed at somehow gets wound around the axon, forming concentric layers synapses; and form scar tissue after CNS injury. of plasma membrane. These layers constitute a myelin sheath. Many oligodendrocytes cooperate in the formation of a myelin sheath along the length of an axon. Such an axon is said to be myelinated. Each oligodendrocyte myelinates segments of several axons. The relatively large areas of the axon that are thus wrapped in myelin are called internodes (inter, between). The small unmyelinated gaps that separate Section of Capillary adjacent internodes are called nodes (or spinal cord including nodes of Ranvier; rahn-vē-ā). In dissection, a portion of the central canal myelinated axons appear glossy white, primarily because of the lipids within the Ependymal cells form a simple cuboidal to myelin. As a result, regions dominated by columnar epithelium known as the ependyma myelinated axons make up the white (e-PEN-di-muh). The ependyma lines a matter of the CNS. fluid-filled passageway within the spinal cord and brain. The passageway narrows in the spinal cord and is called the central canal. In the Not all axons in the CNS are myelinated. brain, the passageway forms cavities called Unmyelinated axons may not be ventricles. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fills these completely covered by the processes of internal spaces and also surrounds the brain neuroglia. Such axons are common where and spinal cord. Ependymal cells assist in relatively short axons and collaterals form producing, monitoring, and circulating CSF. synapses with densely packed neuron cell There are three types of ependymal cells; bodies. Areas containing neuron cell bodies, ependymocytes, tanycytes, and specialized dendrites, and unmyelinated axons are a CSF-producing ependymal cells (discussed in Frequent Praducskyt griayc coelor, and they make up the Chapter 13). gray matter of the CNS. Ependymocytes have motile cilia that aid in the circulation of CSF and also microvilli. Axon Ependymocytes have long slender basal processes that branch and make contact with Neuron cell bodies Myelinated neuroglia. Tanycytes are specialized axons Three predictable places to stop and check understanding help students non-ciliated ependymal cells with microvilli on Myelin pace their learning throughout the chapter. their apical surfaces. They are found in only one (cut) Nodes brain ventricle. It is thought that they transport substances between the CSF and the brain. Module 11.4 Review Module Reviews a. Identify the neuroglia of the central appear at the end of every nervous system. module for frequent and Microglia (mī-KRŌG-lē-uh) are embryologically related to monocytes and macrophages. consistent self-assessment. b. Which glial cell protects the CNS from Microglia migrate into the CNS as the nervous Gray matter White matter chemicals and hormones circulating in the blood? system forms and they persist as mobile cells, continuously moving through the neural tissue, c. Which type of neuroglia would removing cellular debris, wastes, and pathogens increase in the brain tissue of a person by phagocytosis. with a CNS infection? 11.4 Describe the locations and functions of neuroglia in the CNS. Section 1: Cellular Organization of the Nervous System • 401 SECTION 1 Review Section Reviews Labeling appear after groups of Label each of the structures in the following diagram of a neuron. related modules and include “workbook-style” review 7 1 8 activities, such as labeling 2 9 and concept mapping. 3 10 4 5 11 6 12 Label the anatomical classes of neurons shown below. 13 14 15 16 Vocabulary In the space provided, write the boldfaced terms introduced in this section that contain the indicated word part. neur- (nerve) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ dendr- (tree) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ef- (away from) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ af- (toward) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 6 11/12/13 4:35 AM CHAPTER 11 REVIEW • neural tissue NEW Chapter Reviews include brand-new narrative Study Study outline Outlines. Each Study Outline entry begins with the module number Section 1 • Cellular Organization of the Nervous System 11. epproednudcytimona la cnedll csi racrue laastisoonc.i aMteicdr owgitlhia c reermeborvoes pcienllaul lflaur id and title and then summarizes the debris and pathogens. Astrocytes maintain the blood– 11.1 Tph. 3e9 n5ervous system has two divisions: the CNS and PNS 12. bosurlarigrionou bdnaedrnrsid earrx.oocnyst emsa hkeinlpg fuoprm w thhiete m myaetlitne sr.h Gearathy tmhaatt ter module content. 1. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain is unmyelinated neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and All-new Chapter Review Questions and spinal cord. It is responsible for integrating, processing, unmyelinated cell axons. and coordinating sensory data and motor commands. include comprehensive questions, 2. Tnheeu rpael triispshueer oaul tnseidrev othues CsyNsSt.em (PNS) includes all the 11.5 Sceclhlsw aarnen t hceel lnse aunrdo gsalitae ollfi tteh e such as labeling, true/false, and 3. iRennefvocierrmopntaomtirosen nd tfe.r toTehmcet rsceehcnaenspogtoreyrss di tnoi vt thisheieo i nCntN eoSrfn .tahle a PnNdS e bxtreinrgnsa l P13N. S Ss hcehpaw.t 4ha0 na2nro cuenllds mfoyremli naa mteyde lin multiple choice. 4. The motor division of the PNS carries motor commands peripheral axons. In the Chapter Integration section, from the CNS to the effectors or target organs. 14. Sbaotdeiellsit ien cgealnlsg sliuar.r ound cell Schwann cells form one or two clinical scenarios are 11.2 Neurons are nerve cells specialized for intercellular 15. In the PNS, repair of nerves a sheath around communication p. 396 may follow Wallerian peripheral axons. followed by critical thinking 5. Neurons have three general regions: dendrites that degeneration, a process receive stimuli; a cell body that contains the nucleus and that often fails to restore full questions that help students tie other organelles; and an axon that carries information to function. other cells. important concepts together. 6. The telodendria of an axonC ehnda apt atxoenr t eRrmeinvailse. Awxo nQ uesSteciotinons 2 • Neurophysiology terminals are part of the synapse where the neuron communicates with another cell. 7. Axon terminals contain sLynaabpetliicn vgesicles containing 11.6 Neuronal activity depends on changes in membrane neurotransmitters. potential p. 405 Label the structures in the following diagram. 1 16. Membrane pot2ential is the unequal charge distribution between the inner and outer surfaces of the plasma membrane, where there is a slight negative charge inside the plasma membrane with respect to the outside. The cell body of a neuron 17. All neural activities begin with a change in the resting contains most of its potential of the neuron. If localized changes in resting organelles. potential called graded potentials are sufficient, they can trigger an action potential. 18. An action potential at the axon terminal causes release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic cell and graded 8 potentials in the postsynaptic cell. This entire process is called synaptic activity. 3 11.7 The resting potential is the membrane potential of an undisturbed cell p. 406 4 19. Passive leak channels allow the movement of Na+ into 5 the cell, and K+ out of the cell. 11.3 Neurons are classified on the basis of s7tructure or function 20. Trehqeu sioridnigu mpr–opceostsa,s esijuecmts e 3x cNhaa+n fgoer epvuemryp 2, a Kn+ .active ATP- p. 398 21. Potassium ion gradients force K+ out of the cell, and 8. The four major anatomical classes of neurons are sodium ion gradients drive Na+ into the cell anaxonic, bipolar, unipolar, and multipolar. 22. The r6esulting membrane potential for a neuron is 9. Functionally, neurons are classified sensory neurons, approximately –70 mV. interneurons, or motor nTreuuero/Fnas.lse 11.4 Oligodendrocytes, astrocytIneds,i ceaptee nwdhyemthaelr ceealclsh, satnatde ment is true 1o1r. 8false.Tthher epela tsympeas m oef mgabtreadn ceh anpn. 4e0ls8 change the permeability of m10i.c rnoegulriao galriea noer ugrlioagl clieal los fs uthpep oCrSNto Sam nadpt pi.c r4 os0et0encsto nrye urerocenps.tors monitor interna2l3 o. r RWgeahsnetsinn. gd iCpstouhtrebanetpdia,l t iioesn sr t p_a Ie_bnr_lme_t _uee_an_bgt_iill_ ritt_hay_e ct_ ch_ieao_ln_l n_gis_e d_s•i _ sdA_tuu_er_pb _toep_d _gl._ ay_teind g what you have learned Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters. channels within the p_l_a_s_m_a_ _m_e_m__b_r_a_n_e_.___________ Microglia maintain the blood–brain barrier. Multiple sc _l_e_r_o__s_i_s_ _i_s_ _a _ C _ph_ar_po_te_rg_ 1_r1_ eR_es_v_ise_wi_v •e 4,2 3 Schwann cells form the neurilemma. debilitatin g__,_ d__e__m__y__e_l_i_n_a__t_i_n_g__ _d_i_s__ease The resting membrane potential for a neuron is ___________________________ near −70 mV. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive, debilitating autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system attacks myelinated portions of the central nervous system, leading to demyelination Matching of affected axons. The disease is so named because scleroses— Match each lettered term with the most closely related deaslcsroip ktnioonw.n as scars, plaques, or lesions—form in many places within myelinated regions (white matter). The age at onset is most commonly between 20 and 40 years. The a. relative refractory period Produces mcyaeulisne i no ft hthee C dNisSease is unknown, but may involve some _ __________________________ b. voltage-gated channel Opens in rescpoomnbsien taoti pohny osfic eanl vdiirsotonrmtioenntal agents, genetic factors, ___________________________ c. oligodendrocyte and viral infections. Common signs and symptoms A time whenin ac lmudeem pbarratniael cloanss r oefs pvoisniodn o annlyd tpor aoblems with ___________________________ d. chemically gated channel larger-than-normal stimulus speech, balance, and general motor coordination, e. mechanically gated channel Opens or cloinscelsu idni nregs ploosns soef tboo cwhealn agneds uinrinary bladder ___________________________ f. Schwann cell membrane cpoontetrnotli.a Thl e incidence among women is g. absolute refractory period Produces maybeolinu ti ntw thicee P tNhaSt of men. Individuals ___________________________ h. astrocyte Ato t fiumreth werh setnwrime aict uuhmlr aMertemioSnbn te rcxaypnceelre icsea noncfn edo eutt nreeprsirpoerodanitcditoanb,l e, ___________________________ remission, and relapse. There is no Maintains thceu rbel ofoord –MbSra, ianl tbhaorurigehr drugs that ___________________________ Opens in resapltoenr steh eto s ennesuirtoivtirtayn osrm riettseprosnses ___________________________ of the immune system can slow the progression of the disease. Chapter 11 Review • 1 Define demyelination. 2 Why would individuals with MS experience generalized motor coordination dysfunction? 3 Which glial cells would be affected in MS? A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 7 11/12/13 4:35 AM Chapter 11 Review • 427 Assignable Content NEW Interactive and Adaptive Capabilities • Adaptive Follow-up Assignments allow instructors to easily assign personalized content for each individual student based on strengths and weaknesses identified by his or her performance on MasteringA&P parent assignments. • Dynamic Study Modules help students acquire, retain, and recall information faster and more efficiently than ever before. The flashcard-style modules are available as a self-study tool or can be assigned by the instructor. They can be easily accessed with smartphones. • Learning Catalytics is a “bring your own device” (laptop, smartphone, or tablet) student engagement, assessment, and classroom intelligence system. With Learning Catalytics, instructors can assess students in real time using open-ended tasks to probe student understanding. NEW A&P Flix™ Coaching Activities bring interactivity to these popular 3D movie- quality animations by asking students to manipulate the visuals. Video Tutor Coaching Activities instruct and coach students on key A&P concepts from the book and are accompanied by questions with video hints and feedback specific to their misconceptions. A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 8 11/12/13 4:35 AM NEW Tough Topic Coaching Activities are highly visual, assignable activities designed to bring interactivity to select two-page modules in the book. These multi-part activity items include the ranking and sorting types that ask students to manipulate the visuals. Interactive Physiology® Coaching Activities help students dive deeper into complex physiological processes using the Interactive Physiology tutorial program. Also Assignable in : • Art-labeling Activities are drag and drop activities that • PAL 3.0 and assessments allow students to assess their knowledge of terms and • PhysioEx™ 9.1 and assessments structures. • Reading Quiz Questions • Art-based Questions are conceptual questions related to • Chapter Test Questions art and instruct students with wrong-answer feedback. • Test Bank Questions • Chemistry Review Activities reinforce chemistry concepts necessary for an understanding of A&P. A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 9 11/12/13 4:35 AM
Description:The list of books you might like
