GLOBAL INSTITUTE FOR SUSTAINABLE PROSPERITY Visions and Strategies for a Sustainable Economy Theoretical and Policy Alternatives Edited by Nikolaos Karagiannis · John E. King Global Institute for Sustainable Prosperity Series Editors Mathew Forstater, Department of Economics, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, USA Fadhel Kaboub, Denison University, Granville, OH, USA Michael J Murray, Bemidji, MN, USA · Nikolaos Karagiannis John E. King Editors Visions and Strategies for a Sustainable Economy Theoretical and Policy Alternatives Editors Nikolaos Karagiannis John E. King Department of Accounting, Greensborough, VIC, Australia Economics and Finance Winston-Salem State University Winston-Salem, NC, USA ISSN 2730-5511 ISSN 2730-552X (electronic) Global Institute for Sustainable Prosperity ISBN 978-3-031-06492-0 ISBN 978-3-031-06493-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06493-7 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such namesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreefor general use. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinforma- tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeen made.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmaps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: @ Alex Linch/shutterstock.com This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland In memory of my wife Mary Nicholls —John Edward King In memory of my late father Vasileios Karagiannis —Nikolaos Karagiannis Visions and Strategies for a Sustainable Economy: Theoretical and Policy Alternatives Setting the Context In the current age, the issue of environmental sustainability represents one of the most critical human concerns that has drawn global atten- tion, generated worldwide discourse, and engaged a large number of international forums and conventions, national institutions, and non- governmental organizations (NGOs). An environmentally sustainable mode of economic development has gained increasing prominence due to disastrous events and issues such as nuclear accidents, oil spills, water pollution, deforestation, the greenhouse effect, rise in sea levels, ozone depletion, land degradation, and a loss of biodiversity. Seeking to link and prioritize among aspirations pertaining to human welfare, the “sus- tainable development” notion stresses the long-term compatibility of the economic, environmental, and social dimensions of development, while acknowledging possible competition across these areas in the shorter term. Despite an extensive amount of literature on “sustainable develop- ment”, it still has not been possible to come up with a consensus definitionofsuchacomplicatedconcept.Instead,therearetwodistinctive perspectivesonsustainabledevelopment:onesupportingthecontinuation ofeconomicgrowththroughenvironment-friendlyactivities,andanother stressing the reduction of economic growth and consumption for greater sustainability.Inexaminingmajorfactorscausingorworseningthevarious forms of environmental unsustainability, few are briefly spelled out: a vii viii VISIONSANDSTRATEGIESFORASUSTAINABLEECONOMY drastic increase in global population; the danger presented by poverty and inequality to the environment; excessive urbanization and industrial expansion;therapiddemiseofsocialandwelfareprogrammesandtherise of market-led policies; and the global expansion of unrestrained market forces. However,orthodoxanalysesandproposalstendtobetooeconomistic in outlook in terms of their tendency to convert all issues related to the environment and sustainability, including the moral questions, into economic parameters. Consequently, they fail to take into account some of the most basic characteristics of how human societies and economics function and develop. For instance, they largely ignore the specific dynamics of pioneer development, power imbalance in and between human societies, the role of conflict, and the fundamental diversity of interests and lifestyles. Most importantly, such orthodox studies define life-support systems almost exclusively in bio-geophysical terms, thus ignoring the fact that human progress primarily depends on the accumu- lated scientific and technological knowledge and on the cultural heritage of institutions and arrangements, which represent successful solutions of social,economic,andpoliticalproblems.Inshort,orthodoxcontributions have failed to capture the array of real issues and policy dilemmas. Given these limitations of mainstream approaches, it is essential that alternative perspectives on sustainability gain momentum towards providing a more comprehensive understanding of the environmental, economic, financial, educational, and civic traits of individuals, commu- nities, and regions around the world. In this regard, there is also the transdisciplinary effort of “ecological economics”, which seeks to link ecology, from the natural sciences, and economics, from the social sciences. Its goal is to develop a deeper understanding of the complex relationships between humans and nature, and to use that understanding to develop policies that will lead to a world which is ecologically sustain- able, has a fair distribution of existing resources, and efficiently allocates resources, including “natural” and “social” capital. Such an ambition clearly requires novel and fresh approaches that are comprehensive, adaptive, integrative, multiscale, pluralistic, and evolu- tionary, and which acknowledge the enormous uncertainties involved. Ultimately, the challenge to achieving sustainability is what constitutes the “good life” and a “better society” in the twenty-first century, and why finding ways other than simply reducing material impacts on the natural environment is part of achieving this goal. That, in turn, requires VISIONSANDSTRATEGIESFORASUSTAINABLEECONOMY ix much more attention to policy interventions and less to markets. As the pace and scale of local sustainability efforts grow—and there is consid- erable evidence to show that they are growing—social subjectivities and collective consciousness that must go hand-in-hand with technological innovationandmaterialchangemayspread.Whetherthiswill,eventually, bring us to sustainability is something we can only wait to see. The Structure of the Book The multidisciplinary edited book Visions and Strategies for a Sustain- able Economy: Theoretical and Policy Alternatives provides a thorough examination at the theoretical and, especially, policy levels of a number of key topics related to a sustainable economy and a better society. With important contributions by distinguished academics, the book presents alternative views, provides an assessment of contemporary realities in an era of ecological emergency, and offers visions, strategies, and real- istic policies towards a better economy and society while paying special attention to a ‘green new deal’ for different areas. InChapter1,Daleprovidesananalysisofsustainability,self-sufficiency, andsufficiencyintheancientworld.Accordingtotheauthor,thesustain- abilitydiscourseisthoroughlymodern,andsotooarestrategiestoachieve it via “sustainable consumption” and “sufficiency”. Considering that consumerism should be understood as an ideology organic to capitalism, Dale proposes that sufficiency needs to appear in a radical-democratic light as a demand for an “alternative hedonism” or, broadly conceived, as class struggle. InChapter2,Arestis,KaragiannisandMadjd-Sadjadilinkthedevelop- mental state view to green economic growth. The authors briefly review the developmental state literature and point out the absence of “green considerations”. To address this missing link, Arestis, Karagiannis and Madjd-Sadjadi offer a green developmental state framework by distin- guishing two main sets of factors: sociocultural and politico-institutional elements, and economic development and industrial targeting aspects. In Chapter 3, Sawyer develops the case for an environmental indus- trial strategy, which requires a comprehensive approach by government toindustry.Theauthorthenexaminesthewaysinwhichmacroeconomic policiescanbeusedtosupporttheenvironmentalindustrialstrategywith regard to fiscal policies and to monetary policies, as well as the ways in x VISIONSANDSTRATEGIESFORASUSTAINABLEECONOMY which the investment required under such a strategy could be secured to ensure that there is a successful transition to a sustainable economy. In Chapter 4, Arestis and Karagiannis focus on macroeconomic poli- cies employed during the Global Financial Crisis and Covid-19 and, particularly, on future economic policies which are deemed necessary to achieve high levels of economic activity and employment along with equal distribution of income and wealth. According to the authors, these future economic policies need to be properly coordinated if successful economic activity is to be achieved. However, as Arestis and Karagiannis contend,fiscalandmonetaryauthoritiesshoulddotheirbesttokeepsuch coordination safe, resilient and transparent. In Chapter 5, Rossi takes the flaws of neoliberalism into account to contend that central banks should not limit their policy focus to price stability but must, first and foremost, act to guarantee financial stability –which has become a major issue after the outbreak of the global finan- cialcrisisin2008andtheCovid-19pandemic.Theauthorfurtherargues thatmonetarypolicyshouldcontributetoacollectiveeffortinsupporting and carrying out an ecological transition that favours economic develop- ment for the common good. To achieve this goal, governments can issue “green bonds” that central banks should purchase to finance the ecolog- ical transition, to be achieved also through an appropriate interest rate policy. In Chapter 6, Correa updates the ruminations of Keynes by devel- opingamodelinwhichgovernmentinvestmentaloneandpeoplewithout workareconnectedbyalong-livedgovernmentinstrumentthatisheldby peopleandprovidesthemwithreturns.Forthisconnectiontobesuccess- fully accomplished,governments will have to ensure domains where their interests are aligned with the people; but pursuing self-interest is best served by policy coordination. In Chapter 7, Nersisyan and Wray set out a framework for analyzing the true cost of the Green New Deal (GND) in the United States. The authors change the debate from estimating financial costs to a careful assessmentofresourceneedsandavailability.Suchanapproach,informed by Keynes and Modern Money Theory (MMT), provides more useful guidance about the question of the GND’s “affordability” than the conventional method of merely adding up the “dollar costs” of GND projects. VISIONSANDSTRATEGIESFORASUSTAINABLEECONOMY xi In Chapter 8, Messkoub proposes a growth or degrowth strategy that can manage/negotiate the composition of output whilst investing in resources to reduce depletion of natural assets and greenhouse emis- sion. Such a strategy is based on the “human theory of needs” that not only meets the needs of the current generation but also provides some measure of inter-generational justice. The welfare and social policy coun- terpartofthisapproachmustinvolvepublicandcollectiveprovisioningof socially necessary services of health, education, and a range of other care services that can reduce per capita cost through economies of scale and scope whilst providing an equitable access to these services. In Chapter 9, Bortis utilizes the term “environmental alienation” to sum up the overall deviation from an ideal sustainable economy, which is onethatimpliesharmonybetweensocietyandnature.Theauthor’sargu- ment focuses on an additional impetus to be given at moving towards a sustainableeconomythroughimplementing,stepbystep,socialliberalism as a new paradigm, which is desperately needed to permanently bring about a sustainable economy. In Chapter 10, Lewney explores pathways by which the increase in global temperature relative to pre-industrial levels might be kept ‘below 2°C’.TheauthordiscussestherolethatGreenNewDealpoliciescanplay in stimulating the transition, which may also promote a Green Recovery from the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. The discussion highlights the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach to modelling as well as the implementation of key insights of Schumpeterian and post-Keynesian economics in a detailed empirical framework. In Chapter 11, Barkin proposes a different epistemology and method- ologyreflectingthedirectparticipationofawidediversityofcommunities around the world, particularly in the Global South, as well as their possi- bilities for implementing different approaches in order to improve their well-being.Theauthorfocusesontheemergenceofalternativesocialand productivestructuresthatrespondtothedemandsforlocalcontrolofthe governance process in order to assure local well-being, responsible envi- ronmental management, and a balanced ecosystem as intimately related themes of social justice. In Chapter 12, Karagiannis and Mohammed extract relevant aspects of the East Asian successes and embed them in an appropriate frame- workthatemphasizes“green”and“blue”growthstrategiesforCaribbean economies. Taking current multifaceted impediments into consideration,