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675 Pages·1978·12.046 MB·English
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Viruses and Environment edited by Edouard Kurstak Faculté de Medicine Université de Montréal Montréal, Canada and Karl Maramorosch Waksman Institute of Microbiology Rutgers University New Brunswick, New Jersey Academic Press New York San Francisco London 1978 Ë Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers COPYRIGHT © 1978, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS. ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data International Conference on Comparative Virology, 3d, Mont Gabriel, Québec, 1977. Viruses and environment. 1. Virology—Congresses. 2. Environmentally induced diseases—Congresses. 3. Virus diseases— Congresses. I. Kurstak, Edouard. II. Maramorosch, Karl. III. Title. QR355.I57 1977 616.0Ã94 78-31676 ISBN 0-12-429766-8 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 78 79 80 81 82 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. A. A. ARATA (593), Vector Genetics and Bionomics, Division of Vector Biology and Control, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzer- land LAURE AURELIAN (227), Departments of Comparative Medicine, Biophysics, and Biochemistry, The Johns Hopkins Schools of Medicine and Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland HOWARD L. BACHRACH (299), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Greenport, New York FREDERIK Â. BANG (515), The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland GRAHAM R. CLEAVES (281), Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Rutgers Medical School, Pis- cataway, New Jersey GUY DE THE (13), Unit of Biological Carcinogenesis, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France Ô. 0. DIENER (113), Plant Virology Laboratory, Plant Protection Insti- tute, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland ROBERT DRILLIEN (381), Laboratoire de Virologie de à Université Louis Pasteur, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France BRYAN T. EATON (181), Department of Microbiology and Immunol- °gy> Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada LYNN ENQUIST (625), University of Wisconsin, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Madison, Wisconsin FRANK FENNER (539), Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia D. C. GAJDUSEK (79), Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland ROBERT C. GALLO (43), Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland C. J. GIBBS. Jr. (79), Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland ix ÷ Contributors GREGORY M. GUILD (281), Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Rutgers Medical School, Pis- cataway, New Jersey A. F. GRAHAM (663), Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada KERRY F. HARRIS (311), Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas L. HIRTH (417), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France KAREN L. HOOVER (515), The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland A. HOSSAIN (663), Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada AKIRA IGARASHI (281), Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Rutgers Medical School, Pis- cataway, New Jersey Z. JARZABEK (397), Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland M. KANTOCH (397), Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland FRANÇOISE KELLER (381), Laboratoire de Virologie de à Université Louis Pasteur, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France EDWIN D. KILBOURNE (339), Mount Sinai School of Medicine of the City University of New York, New York City, New York ANDRÉ KIRN (381), Laboratoire de Virologie de V Université Louis Pas- teur, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France GEORGE KLEIN (1), Department of Tumor Biology, Karolinska In- stitutet, Stockholm, Sweden FRANÇOISE KOEHREN (381), Laboratoire de Virologie de l'Uni- versité Louis Pasteur, Faculté de Medicine, Strasbourg, France EDOUARD KURSTAK (571), Groupe de Recherche en Virologie Com- parée, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada JAY A. LEVY (429), Department of Medicine and Cancer Research In- stitute, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, California ROBERT P. LISAK (99), Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, and the University of Pennsylvania-Wistar Institute Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania D. K. LVOV (351), The D, L Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, USSR Contributors xi BARBARA A. McCARTHY (27), The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania C. MACKOWIAK (497), Institut Mérieux, Département Vétérinaire, Lyon, France KARL MARAMOROSCH (571), Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey ROY MARKHAM (527), John Innes Institute, Colney Lane, Norwich, England B. MARTINEAU (143) Departement de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada JOSEPH L. MELNICK (203), Department of Virology and Epidemiol- ogy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas S. MONTPLAISIR (143), Département de Microbiologie et Im- munologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada E. MOSHARRAFA (653), Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota FREDERICK A. MURPHY (155), Center for Disease Control, Public Health Service, US. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Atlanta, Georgia K. MYERS (539), Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada E. NAWROCKA (397), Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland FRED RAPP (27), The Pennsylvania State University, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania D. W. ROBERTS (593), Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Inc., Yonkers, New York DARRELL SALK (451), Department of Pediatrics, University of Wash- ington, Seattle, Washington JONAS SALK (451), Salk Institute, San Diego, California R. WALTER SCHLESINGER (281), Department of Microbiology, Col- lege of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Rutgers Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey B. F. SEMENOV (507), Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitis, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, USSR J. A. SHADDUCK (593), Department of Pathology, Southwestern Medi- cal School, Dallas, Texas R. E. SHOPE (593), Arbovirus Research Laboratory, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut VICTOR STOLLAR (281), Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Rutgers Medical School, Pis- cataway, New Jersey xii Contributors BRUCE C. STRNAD (227), Departments of Comparative Medicine, Biophysics, and Biochemistry, The Johns Hopkins Schools of Medicine and Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland WACLAW SZYBALSKI (625, 653), University of Wisconsin, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Madison, Wisconsin PETER TIJSSEN (571), Groupe de Recherche en Virologie Comparée, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada V. V. VARGIN (507), Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitis, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, USSR DAVID H. WALKER (155), Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina Medical School, Chapel Hill, North Carolina J. ZISSLER (653), Department of Microbiology, University of Min- nesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota ARIE J. ZUCKERMAN (127), WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Viral Hepatitis, London School of Hygiene and Trop- ical Medicine, London, United Kingdom Preface After the highly successful Conference on Comparative Virology held at Mont Gabriel, Canada in September 1969 (subsequently edited by Karl Maramorosch and Edouard Kurstak and published as Comparative Virol- ogy, Academic Press, 1971), at the encouragement of Nobel Laureate André Lwoff the decision was taken to organize international conferences on comparative virology every four years. In August 1973 the Second International Conference on Comparative Virology was held at the same location, and the resulting volume, Viruses, Evolution, and Cancer, was edited by Edouard Kurstak and Karl Maramorosch (Academic Press, 1974). From these Conferences emerged a new unifying concept on com- parative diagnostic virology. The current trends prevailing in virus research, and the deep implica- tions and the role of viruses in biological and environmental studies, were considered for the first time at the Third International Conference on Comparative Virology, held at Mont Gabriel, Quebec, Canada, in May 1977. The title was Viruses and Environment, and attention was focused on environmental aspects and ecology. The present volume preserves that focus. The primary objective of the Conference was to bring together vir- ologists from different disciplines who have been conducting research re- lated to the ecology of viruses, i.e., to the interrelationships between or- ganisms and their environment. Although viruses and viroids themselves are not organisms, they are disease agents that affect organisms in the ecosystem. The authors of this treatise are leading experts in comparative virology and in specific groups of viruses. The scope and objectives are: the impact of viruses on the environment; the latest findings concerning persistent virus infections of man, vertebrate and invertebrate, animals and plants; as well as a discussion of the smallest disease agents, the viroids. In par- ticular, the authors dealt with reservoirs of viruses, such as arthropod vectors, water, cultivated plants and wild animals; with epidemiological aspects; safety considerations concerning the use of live virus vaccines; xiii xiv Preface and of viral insecticides. Two chapters were devoted to the use of bacteri- al viruses in genetic engineering. In the past, only limited attention had been given to interactions be- tween viruses of various hosts and the environment. The integration of all types of viruses (animal, bacterial, and plant-pathogenic) in the present volume, as well as the expertise of the authors, result in a unique and stimulating approach, indicating new applications of viruses to control diseases of animals and of plants. The discussion of the precautions to be taken in the use of live viruses either as vaccines or biological control agents and in genetic engineering are among the timely areas presented here. This treatise is designed for research workers in medical and biomedical fields, in biological control, in animal and plant quarantine, as well as for university teachers and graduate students. The editors hope that this treatise will stimulate new, environmental approaches to the study of vir- uses and viral diseases, as well as elucidate new applications and techniques. EDOUARD KURSTAK KARL MARAMOROSCH Acknowledgments The Third International Conference on Comparative Virology was sponsored by the University of Montreal, Ministry of Health and Welfare of Canada, the Department of State of Canada, the National Research Council of Canada, McGill University, the Ministry of Social Affairs of the Province of Quebec, the National Institutes of Health of the USA, the Mérieux Foundation and the World Health Organization. The program was arranged by Professors Edouard Kurstak of the University of Montreal and Karl Maramorosch of Rutgers University, who acted as Conference Chairmen. They were assisted by an International Advisory Board, con- sisting of Professors D. C. Gajdusek (USA), P. Brès (Switzerland), J. Casals (USA), W. C. Cockburn (Switzerland). G. de Thé (France), F. Fenner (Australia), Á. F. Graham (Canada), L. Hirth (France), M. Kan- toch (Poland), Á. Kirn (France), G. Klein (Sweden), H. Koprowski (USA), Å. H. Lennette (USA), J. L. Melnick (USA), J. A. R. Miles (New Zealand), F. A. Murphy (USA), N. Oker-Blom (Finland), V. Pavilanis (Canada), A. J. Rhodes (Canada), J. Salk (USA), B. F. Semenov (USSR), J. P. H. van der Want (Netherlands), R. Weil (Switzerland), P. Wildy (England), V. M. Zhdanov (USSR), and A. J. Zuckerman (England). The editors wish to thank all contributors for the effort and care with which they have prepared their manuscripts; the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Montreal for the help provided during the various stages of the preparation of this volume, the members of the International Advisory Board and all others who gave unselfish support in organizing the Conference; the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Canada and the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, for financial support which made possible the participation of a number of invited speakers, as well as of several graduate students; Dr. Pierre Bois, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Montreal and Dr. Charles Mérieux, President of the Foundation Mérieux, for their generous help; and last, but not least, the staff of Academic Press for their part in the production of the volume. XV 77. F. d 19B. an Mont Gabriel in sch. Standing: rn, J. Huppert, d at moroA. Ki helarah, ogy, K. MHirt ve Virolek, and mou, L. ratidusEm mpaGajC. Conference on Costak, J. Salk, D. C. Rapp, R. C. Gallo, nal KurF. Internationette, E. Graham, Third H. LenA. F. ants at the right): E. Szybalski, particip(left to ov, W. ppaux. A few Seated SemenA. Chi

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