Viruses and Environment

675 Pages·1978·12.046 MB·English

by  Edouard Kurstak (Eds.)

Viruses and Environment
edited by
Edouard Kurstak
Faculté de Medicine
Université de Montréal
Montréal, Canada
and
Karl Maramorosch
Waksman Institute of Microbiology
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, New Jersey
Academic Press
New York San Francisco London 1978
Ë Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
COPYRIGHT © 1978, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR
TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS. ELECTRONIC
OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY
INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT
PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER.
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003
United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD.
24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
International Conference on Comparative Virology, 3d,
Mont Gabriel, Québec, 1977.
Viruses and environment.
1. Virology—Congresses. 2. Environmentally
induced diseases—Congresses. 3. Virus diseases—
Congresses. I. Kurstak, Edouard. II. Maramorosch,
Karl. III. Title.
QR355.I57 1977 616.0Ã94 78-31676
ISBN 0-12-429766-8
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
78 79 80 81 82 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
A. A. ARATA (593), Vector Genetics and Bionomics, Division of Vector
Biology and Control, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzer-
land
LAURE AURELIAN (227), Departments of Comparative Medicine,
Biophysics, and Biochemistry, The Johns Hopkins Schools of Medicine
and Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
HOWARD L. BACHRACH (299), Plum Island Animal Disease Center,
Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Greenport,
New York
FREDERIK Â. BANG (515), The Johns Hopkins University School of
Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
GRAHAM R. CLEAVES (281), Department of Microbiology, College of
Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Rutgers Medical School, Pis-
cataway, New Jersey
GUY DE THE (13), Unit of Biological Carcinogenesis, International
Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
Ô. 0. DIENER (113), Plant Virology Laboratory, Plant Protection Insti-
tute, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
ROBERT DRILLIEN (381), Laboratoire de Virologie de à Université
Louis Pasteur, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
BRYAN T. EATON (181), Department of Microbiology and Immunol-
°gy> Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
LYNN ENQUIST (625), University of Wisconsin, McArdle Laboratory
for Cancer Research, Madison, Wisconsin
FRANK FENNER (539), Centre for Resource and Environmental
Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
D. C. GAJDUSEK (79), Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
ROBERT C. GALLO (43), Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, National
Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
C. J. GIBBS. Jr. (79), Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
ix
÷ Contributors
GREGORY M. GUILD (281), Department of Microbiology, College of
Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Rutgers Medical School, Pis-
cataway, New Jersey
A. F. GRAHAM (663), Department of Biochemistry, McGill University,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
KERRY F. HARRIS (311), Department of Entomology, Texas A&M
University, College Station, Texas
L. HIRTH (417), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut
de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
KAREN L. HOOVER (515), The Johns Hopkins University School of
Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
A. HOSSAIN (663), Department of Biochemistry, McGill University,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
AKIRA IGARASHI (281), Department of Microbiology, College of
Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Rutgers Medical School, Pis-
cataway, New Jersey
Z. JARZABEK (397), Department of Virology, National Institute of
Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
M. KANTOCH (397), Department of Virology, National Institute of
Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
FRANÇOISE KELLER (381), Laboratoire de Virologie de à Université
Louis Pasteur, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
EDWIN D. KILBOURNE (339), Mount Sinai School of Medicine of the
City University of New York, New York City, New York
ANDRÉ KIRN (381), Laboratoire de Virologie de V Université Louis Pas-
teur, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
GEORGE KLEIN (1), Department of Tumor Biology, Karolinska In-
stitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
FRANÇOISE KOEHREN (381), Laboratoire de Virologie de l'Uni-
versité Louis Pasteur, Faculté de Medicine, Strasbourg,
France
EDOUARD KURSTAK (571), Groupe de Recherche en Virologie Com-
parée, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal,
Canada
JAY A. LEVY (429), Department of Medicine and Cancer Research In-
stitute, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco,
California
ROBERT P. LISAK (99), Department of Neurology, University of
Pennsylvania School of Medicine, and the University of
Pennsylvania-Wistar Institute Multiple Sclerosis Research Center,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
D. K. LVOV (351), The D, L Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Academy of
Medical Sciences, Moscow, USSR
Contributors xi
BARBARA A. McCARTHY (27), The Pennsylvania State University,
Hershey, Pennsylvania
C. MACKOWIAK (497), Institut Mérieux, Département Vétérinaire,
Lyon, France
KARL MARAMOROSCH (571), Waksman Institute of Microbiology,
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
ROY MARKHAM (527), John Innes Institute, Colney Lane, Norwich,
England
B. MARTINEAU (143) Departement de Microbiologie et Immunologie,
Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
JOSEPH L. MELNICK (203), Department of Virology and Epidemiol-
ogy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
S. MONTPLAISIR (143), Département de Microbiologie et Im-
munologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal,
Québec, Canada
E. MOSHARRAFA (653), Department of Microbiology, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
FREDERICK A. MURPHY (155), Center for Disease Control, Public
Health Service, US. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Atlanta, Georgia
K. MYERS (539), Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph,
Canada
E. NAWROCKA (397), Department of Virology, National Institute of
Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
FRED RAPP (27), The Pennsylvania State University, The Milton S.
Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
D. W. ROBERTS (593), Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research,
Inc., Yonkers, New York
DARRELL SALK (451), Department of Pediatrics, University of Wash-
ington, Seattle, Washington
JONAS SALK (451), Salk Institute, San Diego, California
R. WALTER SCHLESINGER (281), Department of Microbiology, Col-
lege of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Rutgers Medical School,
Piscataway, New Jersey
B. F. SEMENOV (507), Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitis,
USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, USSR
J. A. SHADDUCK (593), Department of Pathology, Southwestern Medi-
cal School, Dallas, Texas
R. E. SHOPE (593), Arbovirus Research Laboratory, School of Public
Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
VICTOR STOLLAR (281), Department of Microbiology, College of
Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Rutgers Medical School, Pis-
cataway, New Jersey
xii Contributors
BRUCE C. STRNAD (227), Departments of Comparative Medicine,
Biophysics, and Biochemistry, The Johns Hopkins Schools of Medicine
and Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
WACLAW SZYBALSKI (625, 653), University of Wisconsin, McArdle
Laboratory for Cancer Research, Madison, Wisconsin
PETER TIJSSEN (571), Groupe de Recherche en Virologie Comparée,
Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec,
Canada
V. V. VARGIN (507), Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitis,
USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, USSR
DAVID H. WALKER (155), Department of Pathology, University of
North Carolina Medical School, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
J. ZISSLER (653), Department of Microbiology, University of Min-
nesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
ARIE J. ZUCKERMAN (127), WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference
and Research on Viral Hepatitis, London School of Hygiene and Trop-
ical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Preface
After the highly successful Conference on Comparative Virology held
at Mont Gabriel, Canada in September 1969 (subsequently edited by Karl
Maramorosch and Edouard Kurstak and published as Comparative Virol-
ogy, Academic Press, 1971), at the encouragement of Nobel Laureate
André Lwoff the decision was taken to organize international conferences
on comparative virology every four years. In August 1973 the Second
International Conference on Comparative Virology was held at the same
location, and the resulting volume, Viruses, Evolution, and Cancer, was
edited by Edouard Kurstak and Karl Maramorosch (Academic Press,
1974). From these Conferences emerged a new unifying concept on com-
parative diagnostic virology.
The current trends prevailing in virus research, and the deep implica-
tions and the role of viruses in biological and environmental studies, were
considered for the first time at the Third International Conference on
Comparative Virology, held at Mont Gabriel, Quebec, Canada, in May
1977. The title was Viruses and Environment, and attention was focused
on environmental aspects and ecology. The present volume preserves that
focus.
The primary objective of the Conference was to bring together vir-
ologists from different disciplines who have been conducting research re-
lated to the ecology of viruses, i.e., to the interrelationships between or-
ganisms and their environment. Although viruses and viroids themselves
are not organisms, they are disease agents that affect organisms in the
ecosystem.
The authors of this treatise are leading experts in comparative virology
and in specific groups of viruses. The scope and objectives are: the impact
of viruses on the environment; the latest findings concerning persistent
virus infections of man, vertebrate and invertebrate, animals and plants;
as well as a discussion of the smallest disease agents, the viroids. In par-
ticular, the authors dealt with reservoirs of viruses, such as arthropod
vectors, water, cultivated plants and wild animals; with epidemiological
aspects; safety considerations concerning the use of live virus vaccines;
xiii
xiv Preface
and of viral insecticides. Two chapters were devoted to the use of bacteri-
al viruses in genetic engineering.
In the past, only limited attention had been given to interactions be-
tween viruses of various hosts and the environment. The integration of all
types of viruses (animal, bacterial, and plant-pathogenic) in the present
volume, as well as the expertise of the authors, result in a unique and
stimulating approach, indicating new applications of viruses to control
diseases of animals and of plants. The discussion of the precautions to be
taken in the use of live viruses either as vaccines or biological control
agents and in genetic engineering are among the timely areas presented
here.
This treatise is designed for research workers in medical and biomedical
fields, in biological control, in animal and plant quarantine, as well as for
university teachers and graduate students. The editors hope that this
treatise will stimulate new, environmental approaches to the study of vir-
uses and viral diseases, as well as elucidate new applications and
techniques.
EDOUARD KURSTAK
KARL MARAMOROSCH
Acknowledgments
The Third International Conference on Comparative Virology was
sponsored by the University of Montreal, Ministry of Health and Welfare
of Canada, the Department of State of Canada, the National Research
Council of Canada, McGill University, the Ministry of Social Affairs of the
Province of Quebec, the National Institutes of Health of the USA, the
Mérieux Foundation and the World Health Organization. The program
was arranged by Professors Edouard Kurstak of the University of Montreal
and Karl Maramorosch of Rutgers University, who acted as Conference
Chairmen. They were assisted by an International Advisory Board, con-
sisting of Professors D. C. Gajdusek (USA), P. Brès (Switzerland), J.
Casals (USA), W. C. Cockburn (Switzerland). G. de Thé (France), F.
Fenner (Australia), Á. F. Graham (Canada), L. Hirth (France), M. Kan-
toch (Poland), Á. Kirn (France), G. Klein (Sweden), H. Koprowski
(USA), Å. H. Lennette (USA), J. L. Melnick (USA), J. A. R. Miles (New
Zealand), F. A. Murphy (USA), N. Oker-Blom (Finland), V. Pavilanis
(Canada), A. J. Rhodes (Canada), J. Salk (USA), B. F. Semenov (USSR),
J. P. H. van der Want (Netherlands), R. Weil (Switzerland), P. Wildy
(England), V. M. Zhdanov (USSR), and A. J. Zuckerman (England).
The editors wish to thank all contributors for the effort and care with
which they have prepared their manuscripts; the Faculty of Medicine of
the University of Montreal for the help provided during the various stages
of the preparation of this volume, the members of the International
Advisory Board and all others who gave unselfish support in organizing
the Conference; the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Canada and
the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, for financial
support which made possible the participation of a number of invited
speakers, as well as of several graduate students; Dr. Pierre Bois, Dean
of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Montreal and Dr.
Charles Mérieux, President of the Foundation Mérieux, for their generous
help; and last, but not least, the staff of Academic Press for their part in
the production of the volume.
XV
77. F. d
19B. an
Mont Gabriel in sch. Standing: rn, J. Huppert,
d at moroA. Ki
helarah,
ogy, K. MHirt
ve Virolek, and mou, L.
ratidusEm
mpaGajC.
Conference on Costak, J. Salk, D. C. Rapp, R. C. Gallo,
nal KurF.
Internationette, E. Graham,
Third H. LenA. F.
ants at the right): E. Szybalski,
particip(left to ov, W. ppaux.
A few Seated SemenA. Chi