Table Of Content

Virus-Like Particles Virus-Like Particles A Comprehensive Guide Paul Pumpens, Dr. habil. biol. Professor of Molecular Biology University of Latvia Riga, Latvia Peter Pushko, PhD President and Chief Scientific Officer Medigen, Inc. Frederick, Maryland, USA with cartoons of viruses by Philippe Le Mercier, PhD Team Leader, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics Geneve, Switzerland The cover image is generated by Chimera software (Pettersen EF, Goddard TD, Huang CC, Couch GS, Greenblatt DM, Meng EC, Ferrin TE. UCSF Chimera - a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis. J Comput Chem. 2004;25:1605 -1612) and demonstrates 3D reconstruction of the chimeric hepatitis B virus core particles carrying a model foreign epitope inserted at the major immunodominant region. CRC Press Boca Raton and London First edition published 2022 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487–2742 and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978–750–8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact mpk- [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Names: Pumpens, Paul, author. | Pushko, Peter, author. Title: Virus-like particles : a comprehensive guide / Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko. Description: First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and indexes. | Summary: “This book represents the first complete and systematic guide to the virus-like particles (VLPs) and their applications as vaccines, therapeutic tools, nanomaterials, and nanodevices. The grouping of the VLPs follows the most recent virus taxonomy and the traditional Baltimore classification of viruses, which are based on the genome structure and mechanism of mRNA synthesis. Within each of the seven Baltimore classes, the order taxon serves as a framework of the chapter’s arrangement. The term “VLP” is used as a universal designation for the virus–, core–, or capsid-like structures, which became an important part of the modern molecular virology. The 3D structures, expression systems, and nanotechnological applications are described for VLPs in the context of the original viruses and uncover their evolving potential as novel vaccines and medical interventions”— Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2021051808 (print) | LCCN 2021051809 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367476779 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032246734 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003279716 (ebook) Subjects: MESH: Viral Structural Proteins—classification | Viral Structural Proteins—therapeutic use | Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle Classification: LCC QR189 (print) | LCC QR189 (ebook) | NLM QW 15 | DDC 615.3/72—dc23/eng/20220204 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021051808 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021051809 ISBN: 978-0-367-47677-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-24673-4 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-27971-6 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/b22819 Typeset in Times LT Std by Apex CoVantage, LLC Access References online in Support Materials: www.routledge.com/9780367476779 What changes, endures Rainis, The Golden Horse Contents Preface.................................................................................................................................................................................xxi Authors ...............................................................................................................................................................................xxv Prologue .................................................................................................................................................................................1 The Concept of VLPs .......................................................................................................................................1 Chimeric VLPs .................................................................................................................................................1 Protein Engineering of VLPs ............................................................................................................................3 First VLP Platforms ..........................................................................................................................................6 Linkage to Viral Taxonomy ..............................................................................................................................7 SECTION 1 Double-Stranded DNA Viruses Chapter 1 Order Caudovirales .........................................................................................................................................13 Essentials and Genome ...................................................................................................................................13 Family Autographiviridae ..............................................................................................................................14 Subfamily Studiervirinae ...........................................................................................................................14 Genus Teseptimavirus: Phage T7 ..........................................................................................................14 Family Drexlerviridae ....................................................................................................................................16 Genus Vilniusvirus: Phage NBD2 ..............................................................................................................16 Family Myoviridae .........................................................................................................................................16 Subfamily Peduovirinae ............................................................................................................................16 Genus Peduovirus: Phages P2 and P4 ...................................................................................................16 Subfamily Tevenvirinae .............................................................................................................................16 Genus Tequatrovirus: Phage T4 ............................................................................................................16 Family Podoviridae ........................................................................................................................................20 Genus Lederbergvirus: Phage P22 ............................................................................................................20 Genus Rauchvirus: Phage BPP1 ................................................................................................................22 Family Siphoviridae .......................................................................................................................................22 Genus Byrnievirus: Phage HK97 ...............................................................................................................22 Genus Lambdavirus: Phage Lambda .........................................................................................................24 Chapter 2 Order Herpesvirales .......................................................................................................................................25 Essentials and Genome ...................................................................................................................................25 Family Herpesviridae .....................................................................................................................................25 Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae ..................................................................................................................25 Genus Simplexvirus: Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2 .........................................................................25 Genus Varicellovirus .............................................................................................................................28 Bovine Herpesvirus ..........................................................................................................................28 Equid Herpesvirus ............................................................................................................................29 Pseudorabies Virus ...........................................................................................................................29 Varicella Zoster Virus .......................................................................................................................29 Subfamily Betaherpesvirinae ....................................................................................................................29 Genus Cytomegalovirus: Human Cytomegalovirus .............................................................................29 Genus Muromegalovirus: Murine Cytomegalovirus ............................................................................30 Genus Roseolovirus: Human Herpesvirus 6B ......................................................................................30 Subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae ...............................................................................................................30 Genus Lymphocryptovirus: Epstein-Barr Virus ....................................................................................30 Genus Rhadinovirus: Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ..........................................................31 vii viii Contents Chapter 3 Order Asfuvirales ............................................................................................................................................33 Essentials and Genome ...................................................................................................................................33 3D Structure ...................................................................................................................................................33 Expression ......................................................................................................................................................35 Chimeric Virions ............................................................................................................................................36 Chapter 4 Order Rowavirales ...........................................................................................................................................37 Essentials and Genome ...................................................................................................................................37 3D Structure ...................................................................................................................................................37 Virions .......................................................................................................................................................37 Dodecahedrons ..........................................................................................................................................38 Chimeric Virions ............................................................................................................................................40 Replacements .............................................................................................................................................40 Hexon Modifications .................................................................................................................................40 Fiber Modifications ...................................................................................................................................42 Penton Base Modifications ........................................................................................................................42 Protein IX Modifications ...........................................................................................................................42 Targeting ....................................................................................................................................................43 Packaging and Drug Delivery ....................................................................................................................44 Chimeric Dodecahedrons ...............................................................................................................................44 Vaccines .....................................................................................................................................................44 Targeting ....................................................................................................................................................45 Packaging and Drug Delivery ....................................................................................................................45 Chemical Coupling .........................................................................................................................................46 Chapter 5 Other Double-Stranded DNA Viruses ............................................................................................................47 Essentials ........................................................................................................................................................47 Realm Adnaviria ............................................................................................................................................47 Essentials ...................................................................................................................................................47 Order Ligamenvirales ................................................................................................................................47 Order Primavirales ....................................................................................................................................49 Realm Varidnaviria ........................................................................................................................................50 Class Megaviricetes ...................................................................................................................................50 Essentials ..............................................................................................................................................50 Order Algavirales ..................................................................................................................................50 Order Imitervirales ...............................................................................................................................50 Order Pimascovirales ...........................................................................................................................52 Class Pokkesviricetes .................................................................................................................................53 Order Chitovirales ................................................................................................................................53 Class Maveriviricetes ................................................................................................................................55 Order Priklausovirales ..........................................................................................................................55 Class Polintoviricetes.................................................................................................................................56 Order Orthopolintovirales ....................................................................................................................56 Class Tectiliviricetes ..................................................................................................................................56 Essentials ..............................................................................................................................................56 Order Belfryvirales ...............................................................................................................................56 Order Kalamavirales.............................................................................................................................57 Order Vinavirales ..................................................................................................................................58 Family Autolykiviridae .........................................................................................................................59 Class Laserviricetes ...................................................................................................................................59 Order Halopanivirales ..........................................................................................................................59 Unassigned Families .......................................................................................................................................59 Unassigned Genera .........................................................................................................................................63 Contents ix Chapter 6 Order Lefavirales ...........................................................................................................................................65 Essentials ........................................................................................................................................................65 Family Baculoviridae .....................................................................................................................................65 Essentials and Genome ..............................................................................................................................65 3D Structure ...............................................................................................................................................65 Chimeric Virions ........................................................................................................................................66 Vaccine Vectors ..........................................................................................................................................68 Chimeric VLPs ..........................................................................................................................................69 Targeting ....................................................................................................................................................69 Nanomaterials ............................................................................................................................................70 Polyhedrin ..................................................................................................................................................70 Family Hytrosaviridae ....................................................................................................................................70 Family Nudiviridae .........................................................................................................................................71 Family Nimaviridae ........................................................................................................................................71 Chapter 7 Order Zurhausenvirales ..................................................................................................................................73 Essentials ........................................................................................................................................................73 Genome ..........................................................................................................................................................74 Genus Alphapapillomavirus ...........................................................................................................................75 3D Structure ...............................................................................................................................................75 Expression .................................................................................................................................................76 Natural VLPs as Vaccines ..........................................................................................................................79 Gardasil™ and Cervarix™ ........................................................................................................................80 Chimeric VLPs ..........................................................................................................................................81 Genetic Fusions ....................................................................................................................................81 HPV Vaccines...................................................................................................................................81 Other Vaccines .................................................................................................................................82 Chemical Coupling ...............................................................................................................................83 Packaging and Delivery .............................................................................................................................83 Visualization ..............................................................................................................................................85 Genus Deltapapillomavirus ............................................................................................................................85 3D Structure ...............................................................................................................................................85 Expression .................................................................................................................................................85 Natural VLPs .............................................................................................................................................86 Chimeric VLPs ..........................................................................................................................................87 Genetic Fusions ....................................................................................................................................87 BPV Vaccines ...................................................................................................................................87 HPV Vaccines...................................................................................................................................87 Other Vaccines .................................................................................................................................87 Chemical Coupling ...............................................................................................................................88 Packaging and Delivery .............................................................................................................................89 Genus Kappapapillomavirus ..........................................................................................................................90 Genus Lambdapapillomavirus .......................................................................................................................90 Genus Pipapillomavirus .................................................................................................................................91 Genus Upsilonpapillomavirus ........................................................................................................................91 Genus Zetapapillomavirus .............................................................................................................................91 Chapter 8 Order Sepolyvirales ........................................................................................................................................93 Essentials ........................................................................................................................................................93 Genome ..........................................................................................................................................................93 Genus Alphapolyomavirus .............................................................................................................................94 Mouse Polyomavirus .................................................................................................................................94 Hamster Polyomavirus ..............................................................................................................................98