Violence and Democracy: The Collapse of One-Party Dominant Rule in India.

429 Pages·2020·3.256 MB·English

by  Kazuya Nakamizo

KYOTO AREA STUDIES ON ASIA
CENTER fOR SOUThEAST ASIAN STUDIES, KYOTO UNIvERSITY
vOlUmE 26
Bioindicators of POPs
Violence and
Monitoring in Developing Countries
Democracy
Shinsuke Tanabe
and
The CollAanpnasmeal aoi Sfu bOramnaneia-nParty
Dominant Rule in India
By
NAKAMIZO Kazuya
?
KYOTO AREA STUDIES ON ASIA
CENTER fOR SOUThEAST ASIAN STUDIES, KYOTO UNIvERSITY
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CENTER fOR SOUThEAST ASIAN STUDIES, KYOTO UNIvERSITY
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Violence and Democracy:
The Collapse of One-Party Dominant Rule in India
NAKAmIzO Kazuya

KYOTO AREA STUDIES ON ASIA
CENTER fOR SOUThEAST ASIAN STUDIES, KYOTO UNIvERSITY
vOlUmE 26
Violence and
Democracy
First published in 2020 jointly by:
Kyoto University Press Trans Pacific Press
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© NAKAMIZO Kazuya 2020.
Edited by Miriam Riley, Armidale, Australia.
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ISBN 978–1–920901–81–3
Contents
Figures viii
Tables ix
Preface xiii
Introduction 1
1 Violence and Democracy 7
2 The Structure of Congress’s Rule 43
3 Discontent Among Backward Castes 73
4 The Increasing Prosperity of the Backward Castes 117
5 Religion and Riots 147
6 The 1989 Lok Sabha Election as a Watershed 205
7 The Emergence of a Competitive Multi-Party System 233
Conclusion 337
Supplementary Notes 347
Notes 352
Bibliography 387
Geographical Name Index 399
Personal Name Index 400
Subject Index 402
Figures
1.1 Number of Hindu-Muslim riots (1950–1995) 22
2.1 The landlord mobilisation model 52
2.2 Map of Murho panchayat (in 2004) 67
3.1 Caste mobilisation model 83
4.1 Grain production and imports (1951–1980 agricultural
years) 128
4.2 Wholesale price index and inflation rate (FY1950–1966) 129
4.3 Foreign currency reserves (FY1950–1966) 130
4.4 Rice production, yield per hectare and crop acreage
in Bihar (1950–1998 agricultural years) 131
4.5 Wheat production, yield per hectare and crop acreage in
Bihar (1950–1999) 140
4.6 Real wages for agricultural labour in Bihar (1970–1989) 142
5.1 Religious mobilisation model 150
5.2 Map of Fatehpur 179
5.3 Map of Tatarpur area 181
7.1 Map of Belaur village 314
7.2 Effective number of political parties in Bihar (1951–2005) 335
viii
Tables
1.1 Number of seats and vote share of major political parties
(Lok Sabha: 1952–2019) 12
1.2 Change in voter turnout (1952–1998) 15
1.3 Indicators of inter-party competition (1952–1998 Lok
Sabha elections) 19
1.4 Ratio of government change (1989–1999 state assembly
elections) 21
2.1 The population ratios of social groups (caste and
religious communities) in India (the Mandal
Commission Report) 51
2.2 The caste composition of the Lok Sabha members of
Congress (North Indian Hindi-speaking region:
1952–1967) 54
2.3 The caste composition of the cabinet (cabinet ministers) 55
2.4 Congress’s support base (national: Lok Sabha elections) 55
2.5 The composition of social groups in Bihar (up to 2000) 57
2.6 Number of seats and share of votes won by major
political parties in Bihar (Lok Sabha seats) 60
2.7 Bihar Legislative Assembly seats won by major parties
(1951–2010) 62
2.8 Caste and religious composition of Bihar Congress
MLAs (1957–1967) 64
2.9 Caste composition of the cabinet of the Bihar state
government (1946–1997) 65
2.10 Relationship between caste and farmland ownership
(1980) 66
2.11 Caste composition of voters in Murho panchayat
(2004) 69
2.12 State legislative assembly election results in
Madhepura constituency (1952–1962) 70
2.13 B.P. Mandal and the voting behaviour of Murho villagers 71
ix