Table Of Content

MICROFICHE AT, ;3lTs?l;;cE A project of Volunteers in Asia I J&&# Technoloav l-&&& By: VITA Published by: Volunteers in Technical Assistance 1815 North Lynn Street Arlington, VA 22209 Available from: Volunteers in Technical Assistance 1815 North Lynn Street Arlington, VA 22209 Reproduced with permission. Reproduction of this microfiche document in any form is subject to the same restrictions as those of the original document. Volunteers in Te.chical Assistance 18l5 Nor& Lynn Street Arhgto~vii22musA Cqyright @ !98R Vohmtccrs in Technical Assistant All rights reserved. Na part of this publi,at.ion may be reproduced or transmilted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher. (This is the third edition of a manual first published in 1’263, with the support of the U. S. Agency for International Dcvelopmcnt, and revised in 1970, which has gqnc through eight ma,ior printings.) anufactured in the United States of America. Set in Times Ron~u~r type on an LBM personal computer, a gift to VITA from lntcrnational Business Machines Corporation, using WordPerfect software donated by WordPerfect Corporation. Puhlishcd by: Volunteers in Technical Assistance 1815 North Lynn Street, Suite XXI Arlington, Virginia 22209 USA 10987654321 Library of Congress Cat i~-~~~t~ Data Village technology handbaok. Etihliography: p. 413 I. Building--Amateurs’ manuals. 2. Do-it-yourself work. 3. Home economics, Rural--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 1. Volunteers in Technical Assistance. TH148.V64 1088 620’.41734 88-L ;.i! ISBN O-S&519-275-1 I . . . nn WATER RESSURCES Deve WaterSources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Getting Ground Water from Wells and Springs . . . . . . . 3 Ground Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 FlowofWatertoWells . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 WhereToDigaWell . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Well Casing and Seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Wel! Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Tubewells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Well Casing and Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Hand-Operated Drilling Equipment . . . . . . . . . 18 Dry Bucket Well Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Driven Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 DugWells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Sealed Dug Well. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Deep Dug Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Reconstructing Dug Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Spring Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Water andTransport . . . . . . . . . . . Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . Moving Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lifting Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimating Small Stream Water Flow . . . . . . . . Measuring Water Flow in Partially Filled Pipes . . . . Determining Probable Flow with Known Reservior Height and SiieandLengthofPipe . . . . . . . . . . . EstimatingWater Flow from Horizontal Pipes . . . . . Determining Pipe Size or Velocity of Water in Pipes . . Estimating Flow Resistance of Pipe Fittings . . . . . Bamboo Piping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 . 67 . 67 . 67 . 69 . 69 . 72 . 74 . 76 . 78 .80 . 82 Water Lifting . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . 88 Pump Spccitications: Choosing or Evaluating a Pnmp . . . . 88 Determining Pump Capacity and Horsepower Requirements . . 92 Determining Lit Pump Capability . . . . . . . . . . 95 Simple Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % Chain Pump for Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . % Inertia Haud Pump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Handle Mechanism for Hand Pumps . . . . . . . . . 105 Hydraulic Ram . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Reciprocating Wire Power Transmission for Water Pumps. . . . 111 W’ind Energy for Water Pumping . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Decision Making Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 WaterSorqeandTreafment . . . . . . . . I . . . l29 Cisterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Cistern Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Catchment Ares . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Cistern Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Selecting a Dam Site . I . . . . . . _ . ~ . . . . 135 Catchment Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Rainfail . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . 136 Location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Water Purification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Boiler for Drinking Water . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Chlorinating Wells, Springs, and Cisterns . . . . . . . 142 Water Purification Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Sand Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 HEALTH AND SANITATION SanilaryLatrines.. . *. . . . _. . . . . . .x55 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Privy Location . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . 157 Privy Shelters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.59 Privy Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Pit Privy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Water Privy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Philippine Water-Seal Latrine . . . _ L . : . . . . 169 Thailand Water-Seal Privy Slab . . . . . . . . . . 174 Bii . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . .185 The Parasites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Symptoms and Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 vi Ridding an Area of Biiarziasis . . . . . . . . . . . 189 MalarZaCcmtroi .... - ........... l!U C-mmunity Preventive Measures . . . . . . . . . . . 1% Personal Preventive Meiusures . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Oral RehydratiouTherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . W Dehydration-A Life-Ttueateuing Condition . . . . . . . .195 Treating or Preventing Dehydration . . . . . . . . . . 195 ~~~~~f~ andRoadBl&Iilrg Drag Grader. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fresno Scraper . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barrel Fresno Scraper . . . . . . . . . . Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repairing theBarrel Fresno Scraper . . . . . Adapting for Heavy Duty . . . . . . . . . Float with Adjustable Blade . . . . . . . . Buck Scraper . . . . . . . . . . . . . V-Drag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiple Hitches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * 201 . . . . 199 . . . . 203 . . . . 209 . . . . 210 . . . . 213 . . . . 214 . . . . 214 . . . . 214 . . . . 217 , . . . 219 . . . . 221 Irrigatiolb . . . . . . . . . . . . Siphon Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . Using Tile for Irrigation and Dr&age . . . Making a ConcreteTide Machine . . . . Making the Tie . . . . . . . . . Sceds,WeedqandPests. . . Seed Cleaner . . , . . . Seed Cleaning Sieves . . . Drying Grain with Wooden Blocks PreTaringthe Blocks . . . Using the Blocks . I . . Buck% Sprayer I . . . . . Backpack Crop Duster. . . . How the Duster Operates. . Adjusting the Duster . . . Filling the Duster . . . Making Springs for the Duster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 . . . . . 240 . . . I . 241 . . . . . 242 . . I . . 243 . . . . . 243 . . . . . 245 . . . . . 250 . . . . . 250 . . . . . 251 . , . . . 251 vii Po&ryRai&g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253 Brooder with Corral for 280 Chicks . . . . . . . . . . 253 KeroseneLampBrooder for75 to 10OChicks . . . . . . ‘254 Brooder for 300 Chicks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Bamboo Poultry House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 House. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257 Roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.58 Feeders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Nests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259 Poultry Feed Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 irIg . . . . . . . . . The Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Growing Beds. . . . . . . . . . Fertilizing the Soil . . . . . . . . . Selection of Crops . . . . . . . . . Mulch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~~~0~~~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . -265 . . . * . 261 . . . . . 261 . . . . . 261 . . . . . 262 . . . . . 263 . . . . . 264 D PROCESSfNG AND PRESERVATION ~~~~atHome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273 How to Care for Various Kinds of Food . . . . . . . . . 273 DairyFoods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273 Fresh Meat, Fish, Poultry . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Eggs. . . . . . ,, . . . . . . . . . . . .275 Fresh Fruits and Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Fats and Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Baked Goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Dried Foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 CannedGoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Leftover Cooked Foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 FoodSpoilage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 WbeuisFoodSpoiled? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Why Sod Spoils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Containers for Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Types of Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Care of Food Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘282 The Storage Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 GoodVentilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Keep the Storage Area Cool and Dry . . . . . . . . . 284 Keep the Storage Area Clean . . . . . . . . . . . 284 KeepingFoodsCool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -285: Evaporative Food Cooler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Iceless Cooler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Window Box. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Other Ways To Keep Foods Cool . . . . . . . . . . . 290 StoihlgV andFruit.sforW~erUse , , , , , , , 291 Post Plank Cellar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 CabbagePits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Storage Cones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 FiiPreseNation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295 SaltingFiih . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295 Preparing the Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2% Salting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297 Washing and Drying To Remove Excess Salt . . . . . . . 2% AirDrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298 Using Salted Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Smoking Fisn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 a3 WCTION .eteConatruction = . . . . . . Overview. . . . . . . . . . . ImportanceofaGoodMixture . . . . Ee;gates: Gravel and Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calculating Amounts of Materials for Concrete Using the “Concrete Catculator” . . . Using the Water Displacement Method . Using “Rule of Thumb” Proportions . . Mixing Concrete . . . . . . . . . Making a Mixing Boat or Floor . . . . Slump Tests . . . . . . . . . Making Forms for Concrete . . . . . . Placing Concrete in Forms . . . . . . Curing Concrete . . . . . . . . . Quick-Setting Concrete . . . . . . . ....... ....... 303 . . . . . . . 303 . . . . . . . 304 . . . . . . . 305 . . . . . . 305 . . . . . . . 306 . . . . . . .39 . . . . . . . 311 . . . . . . . 311 . . . . . . . 311 . . . . . . . 313 . . . . . . . 314 . . . . . . . 316 . . . . . . . . 316 . . . . . . . 317 ElalIlboo-. . . * . . Preparing Bamboo. . . . . . . Splitting Bamboo . . . . . . Bamboo Preservation . . . . . Bamboo Joints e . . . . . . . Bamboo Boards. . . . . . . Bamboo Wags, Partitions, and Ceilings . . . . . . . . 319 . . . . . . . . 320 ........ 220 ........ 322 . . . . . . . . 323 . . . . . . . . 326 . . . . . . . . 328 ix Walls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32S Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 ceilings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330 Ekrth-on . . . . . . . . . . . -331 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Soil Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Testing the Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Composition Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Compaction Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Shrinkage lest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Making Adobe Blocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 Making Compressed Earth Blocks and Tiles . . . . . . . . 336 Building with Stabilized Earth Blocks . . . . . . . . . 337 Glues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xf9 ue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339 Making Casein Powdec . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Mixing Casein Glue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 Using Casein Glue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Liquid Fish Glue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Simple W~~a~n~ . _ . . Plunger Type Clothes Washer . . . Making the Washer. . . . . . Using the Washer . . . . . . Hand-Operated Washing Machine . . Making the Washing Machine . . Usiig the Washing Machine . . . . . . 345 . . . 345 . . . 34s . . .346 . . .346 . . . 350 . . 3 5 1 ChkersandStowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353 Fireless Cooker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Making the Fireless Cooker . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.54 Using the Fireless Cooker . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Charcoal Oven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 How To Build the Oven . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 HowToUsetheOven. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Portable Metal Cookstoves . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Principles of Energy-Efficient Stoves . . . . . . . . 357 Cookstove Desigu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 Producing the Cookstoves . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Outdoor Oven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 X Home Snap M . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..M Two Basic Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 Iogredients for Soap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.5 Fat.s and Oii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 Lye.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366 Borax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366 Perfume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366 Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36G Soap Makmg with Commercial Lye. . . . . . . . . . . 367 Recipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 HowToMaketheSoap . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 HowToKnowGoodSoap . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Reclaimmg Unsatisfactory Soap . . . . . . . . . , 369 Soft Soap with Lye Leached from Ashes . . . . . . . . . 370 Leaching the Lye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Making the Soap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Larger-Scale Soap Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 . . . . . . . . _......... . 375 A West of Low-Cost Beds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 How To Make a Mattress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Making the Mattress . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Making a Rolled Edge. . . . . . . . . . . . . , 378 AND?4LfAGEINDUSTRY Pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381 Waste-Oil Fired Kiln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Cost Advantages of Waste Oil . . . . . . . . . . 381 DesignofKilnandFireBox . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Operating the Kiln . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Small Rectangular Kiln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Firing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388 Salt Glaze for Pottery . . . ? . . . . . . . . . . 390 Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 How To Fiie the Pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 ~~~P~~~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391 Papermakmg Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Pre-processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Pulpin& . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . 391 Lifting,