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Remembrance of Homes Past The narration of memory in Baumgartner’s Bombay, The Bus Stopped and The God of Small Things Kristin Nord Hicks University of Bergen Spring 2012 Department of Foreign Languages Hicks Remembrance of Homes Past 2 Hicks 3 Home. A word that, in English or Danish, is spoken with a final clamping down of the lips, like windows shutting, as if what was contained was nothing but space; there is a movement like that of a possessive child gathering his toys in his arms: home; and that, in Hindi or Urdu, is spoken with a soft expulsion of breath, the lips opening like doors, a moving out from the rasp that catches in the throat to the final roll of the tongue: ghar. Ghar is also house. (Khair 195) Hicks Remembrance of Homes Past 4 Hicks 5 CONTENTS Table of Contents 5 Abstract 7 Acknowledgements 9 Preface 11 1 The House of Memory - Introduction 18 - The History House 21 - The Houses of Our Past 24 - What Memory Houses 28 2 Imprisoning Memories - “Meticulously Remembered” 35 - Petrification 39 - Ubiquitous 46 - A Rooted Space 52 - The Prison of the Past 55 3 Looking and Seeing in the Mirror of Memory - Refracted Reflections 66 - Looking 71 - “No return. No return” 74 - Obscured 81 4 Conclusion: The Paradox - The Paradox 84 Works Cited 96 Hicks Remembrance of Homes Past 6 Hicks 7 Abstract Romaner fra de såkalte samveldelandene blir gjerne lest med et fokus på hvordan de tar til motmele mot de dominante strukturer den forhenværende kolonimakt har etterlatt seg på alle samfunnsnivåer, og slik også i enkeltmenneskets forståelse av verden. Det fokuseres på deres lokalitet og deres ”genuine”, ”ikke-vestlige” stemme. De tre romanene som figurerer i denne avhandlingen, Baumgartner’s Bombay av Anita Desai, The Bus Stopped av Tabish Khair, og Guden for små ting av Arundhati Roy, representerer alle på sitt vis slike stemmer. Denne avhandlingen tar likevel utgangspunkt i en lesning som heller i en annen retning – et valg som springer ut fra et sterkt ønske om å lese romanene fra et perspektiv som ikke nødvendigvis er det som uunngåelig assosieres med dem. Romanene bærer hvert sitt vitnesbyrd til historiske traumer, som del av det som omgir de fiktive karakterenes personlige minner. Fortellingene blir slik på sine ulike måter stemmer som gir liv til minner både på makro og mikronivå. Minner og hukommelse står sentralt i mine lesninger, slik de også er kategorier som gjennomsyrer de tre fortellingene, og derfor gjør dem til, blant annet, historier om sorg og tap. Hukommelsen, og dens rolle som mellomledd mellom fortid og nåtid, og minnenes rolle som bindeledd mellom de faktiske forhold og vår opplevelse av dem, er det som strukturerer fortellerform og estetisk uttrykk i bøkene. Utgangspunktet mitt er å gå inn i hvordan disse fortellingene bringer minner til live, hvordan de utbroderer fortidens makt, og på hvilken måte de illustrerer et budskap om at hukommelse er en høyst ustabil, men likevel ufravikelig, link mellom oss og vår egen fortid. Hicks Remembrance of Homes Past 8 Hicks 9 Acknowledgements In working with this thesis I have come to realize just how much of my self that actually goes into my work. I have experienced how writing about memory and remembrance has in fact also become a personal exercise in remembering. I have thus also come to realize how many people I actually owe my gratitude to, not necessarily for anything directly connected to the writing process, but for certain qualities they have been part of developing in me. Thank you, to my supervisor, Professor Lene M. Johannessen, for invaluable feedback, motivation and conversations about what I really want to say. Thank you, to my Mormor, who cherished and shared her memories, and whose passing during my writing process affected my thoughts about home, memory and remembrance. Thank you, to my family, for continual support, love and evaluations of my work, and for giving me the greatest gift of all: opportunity. A special thanks goes to my mother, whom more than anyone has taught me, through years of hard work, how to write, and equally important – to never give up. A last expression of gratitude goes to my love, who time after time, has shown me things from a different perspective, and taught me that no matter how hard we think we look, we do not always see. Bergen, 15th of May, 2012 Kristin Nord Hicks Hicks Remembrance of Homes Past 10

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The God of Small Things (1997) by Arundhati Roy, render the process and experience of .. 4 I quote Mullaney on this point: “Roy's representation and alleged
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