NO. 367 // FEBRUARY 2017 Better building systems: Modular living PAGE 18 PAGE 28 PAGE 30 ISO STANDARDS FOR THE FINER POINTS HYNE TIMBER SCALES INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF TIMBER FLOORING UP GLULAM PLANT TTN367_01_cover_2017.indd 1 23/1/17 2:24 pm INTRODUCING THE ALL NEW SUPERCHARGED TIMBER COMPONENT CUTTER TURBO-DRIVE TTThhheee fffaaasssttteeesssttt aaannnddd mmoosstt vveerrssaattiillee ttrruussss aanndd ffrraammee ccoommppoonneenntt ccuuttttiinngg mmaacchhiinnee eevveerr My Hundegger and me! Never change a winning team! www.hundegger.com • Designed specifically for high speed production of roof truss, and timber framing components • Minimal footprint • Latest technology • ln built board-stretching optimisation = more yield, less waste • Fast, accurate, flexible and affordable Hundegger Australasia Pty Ltd Charlie Hutchings 58A Whiteside Road Clayton South Victoria Australia 3169 Tel: +613 9540 0130 Email: [email protected] Web: www.hundegger.com.au Innovation in timber engineering 4c 210 x 297 Australien_eng_2.indd 1 13.12.2016 12:24:04 TTTTNN336667__0033__IInndduussttrryy iinnssiittee..iinndddd 22 1169/1/12//1176 22::3287 ppmm INDUSTRY INSIGHTS INTRODUCING THE ALL NEW SUPERCHARGED PUBLISHING DATA Michael McLean, Executive Director, Master Builders Association of TIMBER COMPONENT CUTTER Publisher: Ian Brooks (02) 9126 9705 Western Australia [email protected] Editor: Alison Turner TURBO-DRIVE (02) 9126 9714 [email protected] The strength of Western Australia’s a time when the housing industry has an economy has traditionally relied heavily abundance of good tradies ready and willing Advertising: Julie McConachy on the fortunes of the mining/resource sector. to take on more work and complete the jobs 0409 381 813 [email protected] This makes our state very different to most within a timely construction period. of the more populated eastern states. The flow-on benefits from increased Subscription Manager Julie Hughes (02) 9439 1955 The building and construction industry housing construction should never be under- [email protected] in WA contributes about 11% to estimated in terms of providing jobs not only the state’s economy, is the third largest to builders, tradespeople and suppliers but Art Director: Julitta Overdijk employer of labour (with a current workforce also kindred industries. With 2017 being the Paragon Media Pty Limited of about 135,000) and is by far the biggest Chinese year of the rooster, home buyers in ABN: 49 097 087 860 employer of apprentices in the state. WA now have something to crow about. Suite 14, Level 2/174 Willoughby Road Crows Nest NSW 2065 While NSW, Victoria and Queensland are PO Box 81, St Leonards, NSW 1590, currently enjoying high demand for housing STATE ELECTION Australia and buoyant construction turnover, WA is WA goes to the polls on Saturday, March Tel: 02 9439 1955 / Fax: 02 9439 1977 experiencing a cyclical down-turn. Housing 11 this year. It promises to be a close Email: [email protected] approvals in WA have fallen from over 31,000 election between a two-term Coalition Circulation: proprietors, managers and per annum (a record) two years ago, to a government and active Labor Party. Here are executives in all sectors of the timber forecast 20,000 in 2016-17. Our construction Master Builders’ priority policies for our and building materials industries workforce has reduced by about 20,000, incoming government: including merchants, building material unemployment is approaching 7% and our 1. Affordable housing centres, hardware stores, timber window population growth is now one of the lowest • Reform housing indemnity insurance and door manufacturers, truss and frame manufacturers, timber flooring in the country (about 1.2%). But we remain to create a more sustainable scheme. retailers, stair, balustrade and solid optimistic about our prospects and future. • Introduce more realistic bushfire timber furniture manufacturers and The building and construction industry is regulations to increase the viability of their associated suppliers and industry renowned for its peaks and troughs so we new home purchases and renovations. TTThhheee fffaaasssttteeesssttt aaannnddd associations throughout Australia. are accustomed to this volatility, which is 2. Fast track projects mmoosstt vveerrssaattiillee Established October 1985 exacerbated by the fluctuations in • Streamline the planning approvals ISSN 1035/4298 ttrruussss aanndd ffrraammee commodity prices and GST distributions. process. Print Post Approved: 100002694 It’s pleasing to report that the Barnett • Establish an Infrastructure WA body. ccoommppoonneenntt ccuuttttiinngg Published 12 times per year by: government recently announced changes to • Consolidate the Planning and Local mmaacchhiinnee eevveerr Email: [email protected] WA’s Keystart Scheme and First Home Government portfolios. Website: www.timbertradernews.com My Hundegger and me! Buyers Grant, which will boost demand for • Extend private certification to planning Subscriptions for 12 editions: new homes. Extending the income eligibility approvals. Never change a winning team! Australia: $99 (+GST) criteria for low deposit Keystart housing 3. Boost employment New Zealand: NZ$109 (+NZGST) loans by $20,000 for singles (to $90,000 per • Increase the payroll tax threshold Overseas Airmail: AU$250 www.hundegger.com annum), couples (to $115,000) and families to $1m and/or provide a two-year • Designed specifically for high speed production of roof truss, (to $135,000) is a welcome gift to the exemption for new staff employed. PERSONNEL and timber framing components building industry and prospective home- • Ensure that the Code of Conduct is buyers. The Barnett government has also effective in dealing with unlawful • Minimal footprint Sales Director: increased the First Home Owners Grant by industrial relations practices, security Julie McConachy $5,000 to $15,000 for 12 months from of payment and union right of entry • Latest technology Phone: 0409 381 813 January 1, 2017, for any new homes or “off for safety purposes. [email protected] the plan” apartments up to $750,000. • Extend the Buy Local scheme from • ln built board-stretching optimisation = more yield, less waste These pro-active policy measures are likely $5m to $10m in regional areas. • Fast, accurate, flexible and affordable PUBLISHER to create 2000 new jobs for tradespeople • Exempt first- and second-year apprentices Ian Brooks employed in the housing industry. from workers compensation contributions. Phone: 02 9126 9705 First home buyers now have a great • Fast track state and local government [email protected] Hundegger Australasia Pty Ltd opportunity to own their own home during capital works projects. Charlie Hutchings 58A Whiteside Road Editor: ADVERTISERS’ INDEX – FEBRUARY 2017 Alison Turner Clayton South Victoria Australia 3169 Phone: 02 9126 9714 Australian Sustainable Hardwoods Pty Ltd ........6 MiTek Australia Ltd ..........................................40 Tel: +613 9540 0130 [email protected] Bliss & Reels Pty Ltd .......................................33 Multinail Australia Pty Ltd ................................31 Email: [email protected] Hundegger .........................................................2 Outdoor Timber Treatment .................................8 Web: www.hundegger.com.au Hyne Timber ......................................................9 Simmonds .......................................................19 McCormack’s Hardwood Sales ....................5, 32 Vekta Automation ............................................39 Innovation in timber engineering www.timbertradernews.com TIMBER TRADER NEWS / FEBRUARY 2017 3 4c 210 x 297 Australien_eng_2.indd 1 13.12.2016 12:24:04 TTN366_03_Industry insite.indd 2 16/12/16 2:27 pm TTN367_03_Industry insite.indd 3 20/1/17 1:46 pm CONTENTS 30 Regulars Industry insights 3 State of the industry 5 Association update Association news 7 News News in brief 10 What’s new? 17 News feature 18 Feature article 20 Modular living 20 Association profi le TABMA 24 TimberFloor News Boral 26 Brice on boards 28 AutoBuild News Hyne Timber scales up glulam plant 30 News update 32 11 FTMA newsletter With Kersten Gentle 34 GN guidelines All about the cloud 36 Watt about the workplace 37 Truss talk With Paul Davis 38 COVER CREDIT: Epping station photo by Dianna Snape Like us on Facebook facebook.com/TimberTraderNews E-newsletter subscribers: 1084 Visit our website Disclaimer Unless explicitly stated otherwise in writing, by providing editorial material to Paragon Media, including text and images you are providing permission Average Net Distribution: 1599 for that material to be subsequently used by Paragon Media, whole or in Period ending September 2015 part, edited or unchanged, alone or in combination with other material in any publication or format in print or online or howsoever distributed, Source: Audited Media Association of Australia; whether produced by Paragon Media and its agents and associates or CAB Total Distribution Audit. For further another party to whom Paragon Media has provided permission. information visit www.auditedmedia.org.au NEWSLETTER Want the full story? Subscribe to the TimberTrader News newsletter for news, profi les on industry personalities, new products and features. To subscribe, go to www.timbertradernews.com/subscribe/newsletters. AUSTRALIA’S MOST RELEVANT AND WELL-LOVED TIMBER INDUSTRY MAGAZINE 4 TIMBER TRADER NEWS / FEBRUARY 2017 www.timbertradernews.com TTN367_04-05_Contents + SOI.indd 4 23/1/17 12:46 pm State of the Industry January 2017 Results from January show a noticeable decrease in budget performance in comparison to last month. Sample size for January: 16 KEY FINDINGS METROPOLITAN vs. REGIONAL Profile of survey participants this month Performance against budget The majority of survey respondents were Participants included Merchants (31%), • 62.5% made or exceeded budget located in Victoria and NSW (both 31%), followed by Frame and Truss Fabricators (2.5% higher compared to December) with respondents also from WA, the ACT (25%) with respondents also being – consisting of medium businesses and Queensland. Wholesaler/Supplier/Machinery/Services and Flooring Retailer/Contractors. (44%) and small businesses (56%). 63% of respondents were from a regional • 37.5% either missed budget or area. Of these respondents 50% made or PARTICIPANT COMMENTS missed badly. exceeded budget (30% lower compared to “Market is still buoyant. A couple of Staff hires December), whereas 38% of respondents opposition closed doors in last 12 months.” • 25% employed more staff (5% were from a metropolitan area. Of these, “Large volume of plans coming into higher compared to December). Of 50% made or exceeded budget (same as quote. Looks like the next six months companies who employed more staff, December). will be really good.” all exceeded or made their budget. • 69% reported no changes (11% lower compared to December). • 6% of respondents reduced staff. JANUARY: 37.5% Exceeded 25% Made 12.5% Just missed 25% Missed badly 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 DEC 2015 JAN 2016 FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 2016 JAN 2017 This survey is a guide only as to the ‘state of our industry’. INTRODUCING THE NEW “H3” IRONASH TREATED F17 KD HARDWOOD & “H2” IRONASH TREATED F17 KD HARDWOOD ALL NOW IN STOCK! DISTRIBUTORS OF: Supa17/F17KD Hardwood & Supalam F17 KD Hardwood ALSO: Tas Oak & Vic Ash Flooring, Archs, Square Dressed Boards, Door Jamb Sets, Lining, Cladding and Decking. FULL RANGE AVAILABLE Phil McCormack Glenn Lawrenson 0438 255 118 0438 255 116 43-45 Overseas Drive, Noble Park VIC 3174 Nick Arfaras Matt Leplaa 0438 255 115 0403 724 184 Phone: (03) 9701 2777 | Fax: (03) 9701 2677 www.timbertradernews.com TIMBER TRADER NEWS / FEBRUARY 2017 5 TTN367_04-05_Contents + SOI.indd 5 23/1/17 12:46 pm Inside. Outside. Image supplied by Austim. IRON ASH cladding and battens with a ‘walnut’ tint. Beautiful. Strong. Durable. IRON ASH, from Australian Sustainable Hardwoods, perfectly answers your exterior timber needs. M Utthhsreoi nmugg uihnconhuo atv paapt ihvroeecm tieaect ehadnn dobl eooaguuyts,t yind ooefw tto hyoios –ug socearganem solpueessc spilfyry o inVdtiueccgtotr ariniatisnnidg ae s h dcafoufosratr dbaainlibtdyl e lga Aubuaosruatrrn astleaiaevn.in Yhgoa wurd’hllw ehonao ryvdoe ufist t s faop reh ceuxigfytee t rhtnimea lem u, oses,t SH1004548 RSTOCK.CO and out – instead of having to specify dense, heavy species easily stained or painted, straight line machined and A TTE U H externally. It’s all thanks to our unique Tru-Core treatment that durable to H3 classification. For your brochure, just S N/ gets deep into the core of the hardwood. We call this IRON ASH! speak to an IRON ASH specialist on 03 5139 7070 ZY G This is much more than a mere surface treatment. IRON ASH or head to vicash.com.au/ironash where you N O P is transformed so dramatically that it comes with a 25 year can download the PDF and request a sample. A R K A H C O: T @sustainable_hardwoods Australian Sustainable Hardwoods HO Australian Sustainable Hardwoods P bygoodwood Australian Sustainable Hardwoods TTN367_07-08_Association news.indd 6 20/1/17 3:08 pm ASSOCIATION NEWS Inside. ATIF It is intended that three new BICON employees to toughen up, suck it up Outside. John Halkett cases will be launched that will replace and soldier on regardless? Not quite! existing BICON cases that cover timber Various WorkCover authorities in Illegal logging RIS submission and manufactured wooden articles. the respective states often issue guidelines At the invitation from the Department Once feedback is received and reviewed as to what steps businesses must take of Agriculture and Water Resources, ATIF Plant Import Operations is proposing to to protect workers from ultra violet radiation has made a submission on the regulatory hold a briefi ng session in Canberra. ATIF in sunlight and how to reduce hazards impact statement Reforming Australia’s will be encouraging relevant interests to in connection with working in hot and sunny illegal logging regulations: consultation attend this briefi ng. conditions. regulation impact statement (RIS). WorkCover issues statistics which The RIS seeks comments on options for TTIA highlight the fact that a signifi cant amending the Government’s Illegal Logging Brian Beecroft number of claims (approaching 500 per Prohibition Regulation 2012 to improve the year) are lodged against employers for trade-off between the costs of complying When summer temps affect the workplace workplace fatigue and heat stroke related with the Regulation’s “due diligence” I’m sure it’s not just me that feels it’s to extreme heat conditions. requirements and the risk of illegally logged been a scorcher of a summer. This may Further, long working hours in the sun timber entering the Australian market. be a good thing if you’re on holidays and can increase the likelihood of fatigue-related The ATIF submission reaffi rms the close to an idyllic beach with a tropical injuries. Fatigue and heat stress can affect Federation’s continuing support of the drink and a decent book at hand, but not a worker’s health, reducing performance headline intention of the Illegal Logging so good if you’re back at work trying to Prohibition Act 2012, plus the need for a earn a living in this oppressive heat. robust due diligence system and does not TTIA is often asked on our National support any watering down of existing Employment Enquiry Line if there’s a requirements that would reward timber specifi c set temperature in the timber Long working products importers who had not suffi ciently industry when it becomes too hot and developed their due diligence systems. employees should down tools and leave hours in the sun ATIF does not support removing personal the workplace for home or an alternative can increase the and/or non commercial imports from a destination. The answer is no – there requirement to comply with the Regulation. is no specifi c temperature! likelihood of fatigue- Further, that such an exemption is likely to Does that mean business can operate Image supplied by Austim. present signifi cant challenges in determining as per normal in these intense hot related injuries. IRON ASH cladding how to defi ne and audit such an exemption. conditions and we should just advise and battens with However, the ATIF submission does a ‘walnut’ tint. support actions directed at improving the effi ciency of, and reducing the uncertainty and costs associated with, the due diligence process prescribed by the Regulation. ATIF endorses suggestions about including some “deemed to satisfy certifi cation schemes” in a revised Regulation as a way of reducing Beautiful. Strong. Durable. IRON ASH, from Australian Sustainable Hardwoods, uncertainty and making the due diligence perfectly answers your exterior timber needs. requirements more effi cient, less onerous and cost effective. M Utthhsreoi nmugg uihnconhuo atv paapt ihvroeecm tieaect ehadnn dobl eooaguuyts,t yind ooefw tto hyoios –ug socearganem solpueessc spilfyry o inVdtiueccgtotr ariniatisnnidg ae s h dcafoufosratr dbaainlibtdyl e lga Aubuaosruatrrn astleaiaevn.in Yhgoa wurd’hllw ehonao ryvdoe ufist t s faop reh ceuxigfytee t rhtnimea lem u, oses,t SH1004548 RSTOCK.CO TThime btiemr biemr pimorpto crot ncodnitdioitinosn sre rveiveieww and out – instead of having to specify dense, heavy species easily stained or painted, straight line machined and A TTE team within the Plant Import Operations U H section of the Department of Agriculture and externally. It’s all thanks to our unique Tru-Core treatment that durable to H3 classification. For your brochure, just S gets deep into the core of the hardwood. We call this IRON ASH! speak to an IRON ASH specialist on 03 5139 7070 ZYN/ Water Resources has now completed an G preliminary draft import conditions for This is much more than a mere surface treatment. IRON ASH or head to vicash.com.au/ironash where you N PO a specifi ed range of timber products, and is transformed so dramatically that it comes with a 25 year can download the PDF and request a sample. A KR has established a BICON case scenario. A CH ATIF has provided some initial feedback TO: on the review process at the request @sustainable_hardwoods Australian Sustainable Hardwoods Australian Sustainable Hardwoods PHO of the review team. bygoodwood Australian Sustainable Hardwoods www.timbertradernews.com TIMBER TRADER NEWS / FEBRUARY 2017 7 TTN367_07-08_Association news.indd 7 20/1/17 3:08 pm ASSOCIATION UPDATE and productivity, and increasing the The risks of extreme temperatures chance of workplace injury through to staff often exists within the walls The decision was reduced ability to concentrate, recognise of manufacturing plants and especially risks and communicate effectively. in outdoor places. made late last year Employers should give serious by the TABMA board Recommendations: consideration to contacting TTIA as we TTIA recommends employers take the can assist you on drafting a policy and to expand Building following steps to help reduce workers’ guidelines on this critical issue. We have exposure to UV radiation and prevent the timber product industry’s key in-house Trade Credit fatigue: WHS unit that can guide you at a minimal nationally. • provide and maintain equipment and cost. It’s worth utilising our expertise as shelter to protect workers from the sun; extreme summer temperatures are clearly • provide sun safety information, an issue that will reoccur. TTIA’s WHS unit instruction, training and supervision; can be contacted on (02) 9264 0011. • rotate tasks to lessen exposure to the sun as well as to mental and physical fatigue; TABMA • schedule work at cooler times of the day; Colin Fitzpatrick • use rest periods in addition to scheduled meal breaks; Building Trade Credit • provide water and encourage workers TABMA’s credit information bureau, Building to stay hydrated; Trade Credit (BTC), has been successfully • provide personal protective servicing the building and construction equipment such as: industry since 1984. BTC provides members - clothing with UPF 50+ rating with factual trading information, both current - loose shirts with long sleeves, collars, and historical, in the form of consolidated and long pants; trading balances obtained securely from - broad spectrum sunscreen (SPF 30+); members’ debtors aged trial balances. - sunglasses that meet Australian The information is only made available Standards for UV protection. to members and is presented on a • use plant, machinery and equipment consolidated basis preventing any to eliminate or reduce the excessive individual member from seeing individual Build with physical demands of the job. trading balances of any other member. From a confidentiality basis, this set-up Workplace health & safety implications has been very suitable for members It is clear that the various state workplace since BTC’s inception. health and safety authorities consider BTC has primarily been NSW-based confidence. managing hazards such as hot weather providing information on approximately and heat as an essential part of an 30,000 trading entities representing in employer’s duty of care. excess of $7 billion in supplier annual sales. Consistent with TABMA’s existing national representation, the decision was made late last year by the TABMA board to expand Provide a 25 year termite guarantee BTC nationally. Progress is well underway without using ‘barrier’ systems. ColourWood with many national suppliers now participating. As a result, the database ECOWOOD with colour built in! has doubled in size with information on over 65,000 entities with supplier annual sales of over $15 billion. To support this national growth, BTC’s name has been changed to Building Trade Credit Australia or BTCA. We are currently ColourWood IS DURABLE AGAINST DECAY AND TERMITE DAMAGE AND SAFE FOR APPLICATIONS THAT ARE IN CLOSE HUMAN CONTACT. undergoing development of a significant IDEAL FOR RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL AND CIVIC APPLICATIONS, WHERE OUTDOOR ABOVE GROUND AND IN-GROUND TIMBER IS SPECIFIED. new website with features that existing Take advantage of the benefits of Ecowood with colour built in by specifying ColourWood for all your structural, outdoor and in-ground building needs: members will enjoy and encourage non- » Family friendly, recommended for environmentally sensitive areas or frequent human contact applications. » Durable, attractive outdoor wood products, guaranteed against failure from decay and insect attack. members to consider the service. » With Colour built in, ColourWood saves time and money by eliminating the need for additional The best protection against termites. stains to be applied after installation. For any information or to arrange a • Ecowood / ColourWood Fencing Products • Ecowood / ColourWood Landscaping Timber demonstration please contact John • Ecowood / ColourWood Decking • Ecowood / ColourWood F7 Premium Sleepers Theoharris at [email protected]. A dog kennel, garden bed or even long grass can form pathways for termites to • ColourWood Now Available • breach barrier systems. Choose the proven, set-and-forget pathway to NCC termite compliance. For pricing and availability, call us now on 1300 784 963. ColourWood www.outdoortimber.com.au WOOD PROTECTION 1300 TREATED hyne.com.au 8 TIMBER TRADER NEWS / FEBRUARY 2017 www.timbertradernews.com TTN367_07-08_Association news.indd 8 20/1/17 3:09 pm Build with confidence. Provide a 25 year termite guarantee without using ‘barrier’ systems. The best protection against termites. A dog kennel, garden bed or even long grass can form pathways for termites to breach barrier systems. Choose the proven, set-and-forget pathway to NCC termite compliance. For pricing and availability, call us now on 1300 784 963. hyne.com.au TTN367_07-08_Association news.indd 9 20/1/17 3:09 pm NEWS IN BRIEF INDUSTRY NEWS HVP and AFCA endorsements see more companies adopt FOLS Several forestry contracting businesses advanced in the process of moving their safety in the workplace. have recently completed a move over operators on to FOLS, which will see a “A key benefit is how it has helped to FOLS – ForestWorks Licensing System. total of 18 contracting businesses with us to manage risk. Through FOLS we are FOLS is an industry-led skills verification over 140 operators moving over to FOLS able to quickly know who is trained and program for use by forest managers, in a six-month period. skilled to undertake particular activities.” forestry contractors and operators. “HVP has assisted contractors financially AFCA became advocates of FOLS The following businesses have officially and by working one-on-one with them to last year, signing an agreement with signed on all of their operators to the skills bring their training and currency records ForestWorks to provide their members verification program. This move follows the on to FOLS,” he says. “With FOLS, we with discounted FOLS fees. initiatives of HVP Plantations (HVP) and the now have a consistent and accessible Diana Lloyd, General Manager of Australian Forest Contractors Association tool for working with contractors on their ForestWorks, says the interest in FOLS (AFCA), who recently endorsed FOLS: training and workplace health and safety has increased following the endorsement requirements.” by HVP and AFCA. • Austimber Harvesting Gippsland The first HVP contractor to complete “Word is spreading about the benefits • Forestry Services Logging Pty Ltd their transition to FOLS was Austimber, of FOLS and we are pleased to see so • Galzon Logging which is also a member of AFCA. many businesses getting behind the • Retreev Pty Ltd Ian Reid, director of Austimber and former initiative,” she says. “We are committed • Richards Harvesting & Haulage chairman of the AFCA Board, says he is to further developing FOLS, to provide very pleased with the service FOLS has a national platform for industry to All five companies undertake work for HVP provided the business. demonstrate their safe practice Plantations, which this year endorsed FOLS “In a world where systems and processes standards and professionalism.” as their preferred tool to manage operators’ tend to be made more complicated, it’s FOLS is a national industry-led program high risk competencies. pleasing to see a system become available managed by ForestWorks. For more John Dodson, HVP’s Human Resources that’s easy and simple to use,” he says. information about the FOLS Skills general manager, says a further 13 forestry “It is such an effective system for managing Verification Program, visit contracting businesses are also well the skills of employees and supporting fols.forestworks.com.au B A C A. Austimber operator Laurie Trewin being presented with his FOLS Card by Stephen Wentworth from HVP. B. Austimber operator Alan Hegarty. C. Austimber operator Michael Jordan with Stephen Wentworth from HVP. NEW PRODUCT ON THE MARKET? BIG NEWS? DON’T KEEP IT TO YOURSELF! If you are launching a product or your business has an announcement, send it to [email protected] for the chance to be featured here. 10 TIMBER TRADER NEWS / FEBRUARY 2017 www.timbertradernews.com TTN367_10-16_news in brief.indd 10 19/1/17 2:50 pm
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