VIETNAM AT WAR This page intentionally left blank VIETNAM AT WAR MARK PHILIP BRADLEY 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork #MarkPhilipBradley2009 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2009 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby ClaysLtd,St.Ivesplc ISBN 978–0–19–280349–8 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 For Anne This page intentionally left blank ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book emerges from almost twenty years of teaching and writingaboutthehistoryoftheVietnamwars.Itcouldneverhave been written without my experiences in the classroom teaching super-smart undergraduates at the University of Chicago, North- western University, the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and HarvardUniversity.Theirprobingquestionsanddeepengagement inthehistoryofthewarsforVietnamnotonlysharpenedmyown approachestothembuthelpedmeappreciatehoweagerayounger generation has been to understand the wars in their Vietnamese andglobalcontexts.Iwasespeciallyfortunatetoteam-teachacourse onthewarsatNorthwesternwithMikeSherry,whohasanamazing abilitytoconveyengagementanderuditionintheclassroomeffort- lessly and whose close reading of this volume in manuscript made itafarbetterbook. Over this same time, I have been fortunate to come to know amarvellousgroupofscholarsinVietnamesestudiesandthehistory oftheVietnamwarsintheUnitedStates,Europe,andVietnamwhose work has deeply influenced my approach here. They include such senior scholars as William Duiker, David Elliott, Lloyd Gardner, George Herring, David Hunt, Ben Kerkvliet, Ben Kiernan, Greg Lockhardt,andBobMcMahon,DavidMarr,NgoVinhLong,Keith Taylor,JayneWerner,andAlexanderWoodside.Thelastdecadehas promptedanexplosionofexcitingnewscholarshiponVietnam,and Ihavelearnedincalculableamountsfromtheworkofandconversa- tions with Michael Allen, Bob Brigham, Cam Nguyen, George Dutton, Christoph Giebels, Chris Goscha, Hang Nguyen, Judy Henchy, SethJacobs, HeonikKwon, MarkLawrence, Anne Marie Leshkowich, Fred Logevall, Shawn McHale, Shaun Malarney, Ed Miller,KimNinh,SophieQuinn-Judge,NoraTaylor,PhilipTaylor, ArneWestad,andPeterZinoman.InVietnamIamespeciallygrateful toLuuDoanHuynh,LuuVanLoi,PhanHuyLe,TranHuuDinh, viii acknowledgements and Vo Van Sen for their warm intellectual fellowship, and to the Institute of International Relations, the Institute of History, and theUniversityofHanoifortheirassistanceinmyresearch. Twoscholars,Hue-TamHoTaiandMarilynYoung,havebeen critical in my efforts to undertake this project and I will never be abletorepaymydebtstothem.Althoughneitherofthemwillagree with all that I write here, I could never have written this book without what I have come to know about Vietnam from Marilyn and Tam Tai. For me they will always be the model scholars and teachersthatIhopeonedaytobecome.IamalsoinMarilyn’sdebt forhersupportivelycriticalreadingofthisvolumeinmanuscript. IthasbeenapleasuretoworkwithOxfordUniversityPresson thisproject,especiallyChristopherWheeler,MatthewCotton,and David Reynolds. They have been enormously patient in its long gestation period. I am also grateful to an anonymous reader for commentsonthemanuscriptandtothePress’sever-helpfulediting and production staff. I am especially indebted to Laurien Berkeley forhercarefulcopy-editing. Intheend,myfamily—mywife,AnneHansen,andmychildren, Ilsa and Peter Bradley—made it possible to complete this project. IknowIlsaandPeterwouldpreferthebookbededicatedtothem (nexttime,guys)butthisoneisforAnne...withloveandgratitude. M.P.B. CONTENTS listofillustrations xi listofplates xii listofabbreviations xiv mapofvietnamatwar,1954–1975 xv Prelude 1 1. VisionsoftheFuture 9 2. TheFrenchWar 41 3. TheComingoftheAmericanWar 77 4. ExperiencingWar 115 5. War’sEnd 147 Coda 183 furtherreading 197 notes 203 pictureandtextacknowledgements 227 index 229
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