Vietnam and the World: Marxist-Leninist Doctrine and the Changes in International Relations, 1975–93 PDF
Preview Vietnam and the World: Marxist-Leninist Doctrine and the Changes in International Relations, 1975–93
VIETNAM AND THE WORLD Vietnam and the World Marxist-Leninist Doctrine and the Changes in International Relations, 1975-93 Eero Palmu joki Assistant Professor Department ofP olitical Science and International Relations University ofTampere Finland First published in Great Britain 1997 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-25348-7 ISBN 978-1-349-25346-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-25346-3 First published in the United States of America 1997 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-17240-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Palmujoki, Eero. Vietnam and the world: Marxist-Leninist doctrine and the changes in international relations. 1975-931 Eero Palmujoki. p. crn. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-17240-4 (cloth) I. Vietnam-Politics and governrnent-I 975- 2. Vietnam-Foreign relations. 3. Communism-Vietnam. I. Title. DS559.91 2.P34 1997 327.597'09'04--dc20 96-46359 CIP © Eero Palmujoki 1997 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1997 All rights reserved. No reproduction. copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced. copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright. Designs and Patents Act 1988. or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. 90 Tottenham Court Road. London WI P 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his rights to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright. Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 1098765 432 I 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 To Silja, Lassi and Sauli Contents Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xi 1 Introduction: Marxism-Leninism and Global Change 1 Focusing on the Vietnamese Marxist-Leninist Doctrine 1 The Marxist-Leninist Doctrinal Code 8 Pragmatism and Formalism in Vietnamese Marxist Rhetoric 12 Foreign Policy and the Change of the Doctrine 14 PART I VIETNAMESE MARXISM-LENINISM AND FOREIGN RELATIONS 2 Two Approaches of Vietnamese Marxism-Leninism 21 "The Enemy and Us" in the Pragmatic Approach 22 "Two Roads of Development" and Formal Marxism-Leninism 28 Foreign Relations and Ideological Motivation 33 3 Vietnam and the World's Revolutionary Forces 39 The Concepts and Themes of International Relations 1960-86 39 Pragmatism, Formalism and Foreign Relations 57 PART II THE "HIGH TIDE" OF THE WORLD'S REVOLUTIONARY FORCES 1975-85 4 The Striving for Avant-garde Foreign Policy 1975-78 65 Vietnam as a Part of the Socialist World System 66 Vietnam, Indochina and the Special Relationship 85 Vietnam, ASEAN and the Two Camps Theory 99 Vietnam, the Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations 113 5 Isolation and Formalism 1979-85 128 Vietnam after the Occupation of Kampuchea 128 The Takeover of Formalism 130 Vietnam's Doctrine on Indochina 142 The Indochina Doctrine and the Global Audience 147 The Indochina Doctrine and Regional Diplomacy 161 VII viii Contents PART III THE RE-EVALUATION OF VIETNAMESE MARXISM 6 Vietnam and Global Changes 1986-93 173 The End of Doctrinal Unity 173 Soviet Perestroika and Vietnamese Doi Moi Compared 178 Doi Moi and Foreign Relations 181 Internationalization and the Re-evaluation of Marxist Doctrine 196 7 Conclusion: The Disintegration of the Marxist-Leninist Doctrine 208 Notes and References 216 Bibliography 238 Index 253 Acknowledgments Over the past decade, I have enjoyed intellectual, practical and material help from my colleagues, friends and relatives. As this book grew out of a doctoral dissertation, I am indebted above all to my mentor, Osmo Apunen, the University of Tampere, for his guidance. Carlyle A. Thayer and Ilmari Susiluoto did painstaking work reading and commenting on the manuscript, and I am deeply grateful for their support in improving it. Harto Hakovirta, Pertti Lappalainen, Markku Peltonen, Stein T~nnesson, Pekka Virtanen and Raimo Vayrynen offered valuable comments on its drafts. I also wish to thank Jari Aro, Joan LOfgren, Jalil Miswardi and Tran Minh Canh for their assistance during the different phases of my research. It has been a pleasure to delve into Asian studies and international relations. My colleagues on the staff of the Department of Political Science and International Relations at the University of Tampere have given me important support in my studies. I also immensely enjoyed working at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies and in its library in Singapore, where the Vietnamese materials proved of utmost value to my study. I am indebted to various scholars and the staff of the institute and the library for their help and guidance. I also wish to extend thanks to my colleagues and the staff at the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies in Copenhagen for their assistance during my visits there. The Institute of International Relations in Hanoi was very helpful in arranging my visit to Vietnam. I received important support in rewriting and publishing the manuscript. In this, I am particularly grateful to Harto Hakovirta, Markku Peltonen and Carlyle A. Thayer for their encouragement. I received invaluable help with the English, which is not my native language, from Paul Sjoblom, who did great deal of work putting the text into more readable form. I would also like to thank Marita Alanko for preparing the manuscript for the publishers. The comments and suggestions of the publishers have provided necessary editorial advice in the final stages of this project. Many people have given assistance and moral support during the performance of my studies and the writing of this book - a larger number than I can possibly name here. I can only mention my mother and, finally, thank my wife Sirkku for her understanding, particularly during the final laborious years of the study. IX Abbreviations APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ot ASEAN Association Southeast Asian Nations CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union CGDK Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea CPV Communist Party of Vietnam CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance DRV Democratic Republic of Vietnam FLPH Foreign Language Publishing House FRETILIN Frente Revolucionaria de Timor Leste Independente ICK International Conference on Kampuchea ICP Indochinese Communist Party KNUFNS Kampuchean National United Front for National Salvation KPP Khmer People's Party LPDR Lao People's Democratic Republic NCLS Nghien Cuu Lich Su NLF National Liberation Front PRC People's Republic of China PRK People's Republic of Kampuchea SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty Organization SRV Socialist Republic of Vietnam TCCS Tap Chi Cong San TCTH Tap Chi Triet Hoc UN United Nations UNGA United Nations' General Assembly U.S. United States USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics VNA Vietnam News Agency VNC Viet N am Courier ZOPFAN Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality xi 1 Introduction: Marxism-Leninism and Global Change FOCUSING ON THE VIETNAMESE MARXIST-LENINIST DOCTRINE The radical changes that have taken place in the global political landscape in general and in that of the Asia-Pacific region in particular in the past few years have challenged many established assumptions about political developments and international relations. The development of Vietnam's political thinking in response to these changes is extremely interesting in this respect. This book deals with Vietnam's international relations and foreign policy from the end of the Second Indochina War, in the spring of 1975, to the beginning of the 1990s from the point of view of Vietnamese political doctrine. The fall of Saigon and the defeat of the United States in Indochina in the spring of 1975 marked the high tide of "the world revolutionary forces" and in the influence of Soviet global foreign policy. By 1993, however, the two camps structure had been demolished, the radical Third World movement had simmered down, and the Asia-Pacific region was boosting its status in the global framework. Nevertheless, although the Soviet Union and other Marxist-Leninist state systems in East Europe have collapsed, totalitarian Marxist state systems have maintained at least their fa~ades in the Far East, North Korea, the People's Republic of China (PRC), Laos and Vietnam up to the 1990s. During the two decades following the Second Indochina War, Vietnam assumed an important role in both regional and global terms. After its victorious military struggle against U.S. forces, Vietnam took a crucial place in the Third World movement and held the key position in the delicate balance of power between the Soviet Union and China in Southeast Asia. Although its role changed radically during subsequent political developments in Indochina, which culminated in Vietnam's occupation of Kampuchea and in the Sino-Vietnamese war atthe beginning of 1979, Vietnam remained a factor of undiminished importance in the region. Now it both enjoyed a close relationship with the Soviet Union and represented the Soviet bloc's global interests in Southeast Asia.
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