Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: A Commentary PDF
Preview Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: A Commentary
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties . Oliver Do¨rr Kirsten Schmalenbach l Editors Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties A Commentary Editors ProfessorDr.OliverD€orr,LL.M.(Lond.) ProfessorDr.KirstenSchmalenbach UniversityofOsnabr€uck UniversityofSalzburg EuropeanLegalStudiesInstitute FacultyofLaw 49069Osnabr€uck DepartmentofPublicLaw/ Germany InternationalLaw [email protected] 5020Salzburg Austria [email protected] ISBN978-3-642-19290-6 e-ISBN978-3-642-19291-3 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-19291-3 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011939309 # Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violations areliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotective lawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Thelawoftreatiesformsthebackboneoftheinternationallegalorder.Therewould benointernationallawwithouttheprinciplepactasuntservanda,nolegalsecurity ininternationalrelationswithoutthestrictdefinitionofgroundsfortheinvalidityof treaties,noeffectivedisputesettlementwithoutuniversallyacceptedrulesoftreaty interpretation.Asmuchastreatiescontributetothepeacefulco-operationofStates and other international actors, so does the international law of treaties to the fundamental role of treaties and, thus, provides an important element of interna- tionalpeaceandsecurity. Given theimportanceoftreatiesandtheir lawforthe internationallegal order, it is hardly surprising that already in 1949, the International Law Commission awarded priority to the codification project. Over centuries, international practice hasdevelopedasetofrulesthatstrivesforabalancebetweenthesovereignwillof States, good faith, the importance of consensus and the needs of the international community.ThoseruleswerefinallycodifiedintheViennaConventionontheLaw ofTreatiesin1969which,besidecodifyingrecognizedrulesofcustomaryinterna- tional law, added quite a few progressive elements to the international law of treaties.AftertheadoptionandtheentryintoforceoftheConventionon27January 1980,thelawoftreatiescontinuedtoevolve,sothattheelementofstabilitywhich theConvention, asacodificatoryeffort,broughtintotheinternationalrelationsof States, was combined with the dynamics of international practice for which the Convention, as as set of mainly residual rules, leaves considerable room. Both elements of the international law of treaties, the traditional rules and the dynamic practice aiming at the progressive development of the law, are supposed to be reflectedinthepresentCommentary. Despitethelongtimeandthegreatnumberofreportsanddebatesthatittookthe ILCtopreparethetextoftheConvention,thelatterisnoself-explanatorypieceof internationallegislation.Withoutdetailedknowledgeofinternationalpracticeand jurisprudence or of the travaux pre(cid:2)paratoires of the Convention, the language of many provisions may leave the reader confused or set him or her on the wrong track. ItistheaimofthepresentCommentary,therefore, toexplainlanguageand v vi Preface purpose of the Convention in the light of international practice and jurisprudence withregardtothelawoftreaties. DuetothesheerlengthoftheConventionandtheamountofrelevantmaterialon the law of treaties, this book is the result of a joint effort of twelve scholars. Our sincere thanks go to the authors for their co-operation, their patience and their readinesstoadapttotheeditors’guidelinesanddeadlines. Last but not least, we would like to acknowledge the help of several people in SalzburgandOsnabr€uckwithoutwhomthisworkwouldnothaveseenthelightof day.OursincerethanksgototheeditorialassistantinOsnabr€uck,SueGerigkLL.M., and the editing team in Salzburg, especially Alexander Brenneis as the man in charge, as well as Lando Kirchmair andThomas Rauter.MarcoAthen and Anna- KatharinaKraemerwereresponsibleforthefinalrevisiondoneinOsnabr€uck. Padraic McCannon (Osnabr€uck) checked and edited the English language. LudwigWagner(Salzburg)wasresponsibleforthetime-consumingandpainstak- ingtaskofproducingtheTableofCases.Theefficientteamofstudentassistants– Peter Manhartsberger and Isabella Breit (Salzburg) – was heavily involved in the finaleditingprocess.Thankstoallofthemfortheirtirelesscommitment,enthusi- asmandpatience. OliverD€orr KirstenSchmalenbach Contents Introduction:OntheRoleofTreatiesintheDevelopment ofInternationalLaw(Do¨rr) ............................................................ 1 Preamble(Schmalenbach) ............................................................ 9 PartI Introduction Article1. ScopeofthepresentConvention(Schmalenbach) .............. 19 Article2. Useofterms(Schmalenbach) ........................................ 27 Article3. Internationalagreementsnotwithinthe scopeofthepresentConvention(Schmalenbach) .............................. 49 Article4. Non-retroactivityofthepresentConvention (Schmalenbach) ........................................................................ 81 Article5. Treatiesconstitutinginternationalorganizations andtreatiesadoptedwithinaninternationalorganization (Schmalenbach) ........................................................................ 89 PartII ConclusionandEntryintoForceofTreaties Section1 ConclusionofTreaties Article6. CapacityofStatestoconcludetreaties(Schmalenbach) ....... 105 Article7. Fullpowers(Hoffmeister) ............................................. 119 Article8. Subsequentconfirmationofanactperformed withoutauthorization(Hoffmeister) ............................................... 131 Article9. Adoptionofthetext(Hoffmeister) ................................. 137 vii viii Contents Article10. Authenticationofthetext(Hoffmeister) ......................... 147 Article11. Meansofexpressingconsenttobe boundbyatreaty(Hoffmeister) ................................................... 153 Article12. Consenttobeboundbyatreatyexpressed bysignature(Hoffmeister) .......................................................... 163 Article13. Consenttobeboundbyatreatyexpressed byanexchangeofinstrumentsconstitutingatreaty(Hoffmeister) ........ 175 Article14. Consenttobeboundbyatreatyexpressed byratification,acceptanceorapproval(Hoffmeister) .......................... 181 Article15. Consenttobeboundbyatreatyexpressed byaccession(Hoffmeister) .......................................................... 197 Article16. Exchangeordepositofinstruments ofratification,acceptance,approvaloraccession(Hoffmeister) ............. 209 Article17. Consenttobeboundbypartofatreaty andchoiceofdifferingprovisions(Hoffmeister) ................................ 215 Article18. Obligationnottodefeattheobjectand purposeofatreatypriortoitsentryintoforce(Do¨rr) ........................ 219 Section2 Reservations Article19. Formulationofreservations(Walter) ............................. 239 Article20. Acceptanceofandobjectiontoreservations(Walter) ........ 287 Article21. Legaleffectsofreservationsandofobjections toreservations(Walter) ............................................................. 307 Article22. Withdrawalofreservationsandof objectionstoreservations(Walter) ................................................ 321 Article23. Procedureregardingreservations(Walter) ..................... 337 Annex:GuidetoPracticeonReservationstoTreaties(Walter) ............. 349 Section3 EntryintoForceandProvisionalApplicationofTreaties Article24. Entryintoforce(Krieger) ............................................ 391 Article25. Provisionalapplication(Krieger) ................................... 407 Contents ix PartIII Observance,ApplicationandInterpretationofTreaties Section1 ObservanceofTreaties Article26. Pactasuntservanda(Schmalenbach) ............................. 427 Article27. Internallawandobservanceoftreaties (Schmalenbach) ....................................................................... 453 Section2 ApplicationofTreaties Article28. Non-retroactivityoftreaties(Odendahl) ......................... 477 Article29. Territorialscopeoftreaties(Odendahl) .......................... 489 Article30. Applicationofsuccessivetreatiesrelating tothesamesubjectmatter(Odendahl) .......................................... 505 Section3 InterpretationofTreaties Article31. Generalruleofinterpretation(Do¨rr) ............................. 521 Article32. Supplementarymeansofinterpretation(Do¨rr) ................ 571 Article33. Interpretationoftreatiesauthenticated intwoormorelanguages(Do¨rr) .................................................. 587 Section4 TreatiesandThirdStates Article34. GeneralruleregardingthirdStates(Proelss) ................... 605 Article35. Treatiesprovidingforobligations forthirdStates(Proelss) ............................................................. 645 Article36. TreatiesprovidingforrightsforthirdStates(Proelss) ........ 655 Article37. Revocationormodificationofobligations orrightsofthirdStates(Proelss) ................................................... 673 Article38. Rulesinatreatybecomingbinding onthirdStatesthroughinternationalcustom(Proelss) ....................... 685 x Contents PartIV AmendmentandModificationofTreaties Article39. Generalruleregardingtheamendment oftreaties(Odendahl) ................................................................ 699 Article40. Amendmentofmultilateraltreaties(Odendahl) ............... 709 Article41. Agreementstomodifymultilateraltreaties betweencertainofthepartiesonly(Odendahl) ................................ 719 PartV Invalidity,TerminationandSuspension oftheOperationofTreaties Section1 GeneralProvisions Article42. Validityandcontinuanceinforceoftreaties (Odendahl) ............................................................................. 733 Article43. Obligationsimposedbyinternational lawindependentlyofatreaty(Odendahl) ....................................... 745 Article44. Separabilityoftreatyprovisions(Odendahl) .................... 753 Article45. Lossofarighttoinvokeagroundfor invalidating,terminating,withdrawingfromor suspendingtheoperationofatreaty(Odendahl) .............................. 765 Section2 InvalidityofTreaties Article46. Provisionsofinternallawregarding competencetoconcludetreaties(Rensmann) .................................. 775 Article47. Specificrestrictionsonauthoritytoexpress theconsentofastate(Rensmann) ................................................ 805 Article48. Error(Rensmann) ..................................................... 815 Article49. Fraud(Rensmann) ................................................... 835 Article50. CorruptionofarepresentativeofaState(Rensmann) ........ 849 Article51. CoercionofarepresentativeofaState(Rensmann) .......... 857 Article52. CoercionofaStatebythethreatoruseofforce (Schmalenbach) ....................................................................... 871 Article53. Treatiesconflictingwithaperemptorynorm ofgeneralinternationallaw(“juscogens”)(Schmalenbach) .................. 897
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