Video Analysis and Repackaging for Distance Education PDF
Preview Video Analysis and Repackaging for Distance Education
Video Analysis and Repackaging for Distance Education A. Ranjith Ram • Subhasis Chaudhuri Video Analysis and Repackaging for Distance Education A. Ranjith Ram Subhasis Chaudhuri Government College of Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Kannur, Kerala, India Powai, Maharashtra, India “This book is an independent publication and is not affiliated with, nor has it been authorized, sponsored, or otherwise approved by MOTOROLA, and/or any of their subsidiaries. References to various MOTOROLA copyrighted trademarks, characters, marks and registered marks owned by MOTOROLA and/or any of its subsidiaries may appear in this book. 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While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) To DearestGita,KamalandKirtana ARR. Raj,Shankarandallmyteachers SC. Preface Thetertiarysectorofoureconomyrequiresthatasignificantportionofthepopula- tionbewelleducated.However,avastmajorityofthepopulationindevelopingand under-developedcountriesdonothaveaproperaccesstohighereducation.Higher education is expensive and, quite often, there are not enough qualified teachers in thelocality.Educationisahuman-intensivetrainingprogramandwerequireavery largenumberofwellqualifiedteachers.Further,theprogressintechnologyisvery rapid today and our work-force is amenable to quick obsolescence unless we pro- vide a continuous education program to the working professionals. This requires thatweallotasignificantamountofresourcestoournationaleducationalprogram, which most of the countries are unable to do. As the demand for the higher edu- cation grows, so is the restlessness among the young generation to have access to qualityeducation. Fortunately, there has been a massive expansion in distance delivery and e- learning systems over the last decade. Many universities now offer their courses livetoparticipantsacrosstheglobe,andevenoffercompleteorlimitedinteractions with the instructor. Several e-learning portals offer video-on-demand services for specificcourses.Manyuniversitiesmaketheircoursematerialsavailabletotheout- side world for the benefit of all. One such laudable effort is the NPTEL program (http://www.nptel.iitm.ac.in)oftheGovernmentofIndia,thatpromisestomakethe entire curriculum of each of the undergraduate engineering programs freely avail- abletotheentiremass.Whetherfreeornot,distanceeducationdoesservethepur- poseofenhancingtheoutreachofqualityeducationtoall. Twoimportantaspectsofdistanceeducationarethequalityofcontentsandthe modeofdelivery.Itisimperativethatthequalityofcontentsbegood,failingwhich distance education serves no purpose at all. The delivery of the content is also equallyimportantasthereshouldbenolossinthepedagogicvalue.Agoodquality videorequiresasignificantamountofbandwidthfordatatransmission.Indevelop- ingandothercountries,theavailablebandwidthisstillquitelimited.Thisrequires asignificantreductionindataduringthecontentdelivery.Also,consideringthefact that the penetration of mobile phones even in rural areas is very high, we should also explore the possibility of delivering the contents through the mobile display vii viii Preface unit.Thisputsafurtherconstraintonthebandwidthduringthetransmissionofthe lecture video. Another added constraint is the limited size (resolution) of the dis- playunit.Oneshouldbeabletodeliverthecontentonsmallerdisplayunitswithout sacrificingthelegibilityofthecontents. Thepurposeofthe monographistoexplainhowonecan enhancetheoutreach of distance education by appropriately repackaging the instructional video so that theamountofdatacanbedrasticallyreducedwithoutsacrificingthepedagogy.We havebuiltacompletesystemthattakeshoursofclassroomlecturevideo,processes ittogenerateacompressedrepresentationofthedata,calledtheinstructionalmedia package,andcanplayitondiversemultimediaplatforms,includingmobilephones. Webelievethatsuchamonographisverytimelyasdevelopmentofefficientdistance educationplatformsistheneedofthehour.Wediscussvariouscomponentsofthe systeminfulldetailswithaviewthatpractitionersofthisareawillbeabletobenefit fromthismonograph. This monograph is an outgrowth of the Ph. D. dissertation work of one of the authorsundertheguidanceoftheotherattheIndianInstituteofTechnologyBom- bay.Thebookisarevisedandextendedversionofthethesis.Severaloftheideas presentedinthemonographarequitenovelandhavebeenfiledforpatents.Afully functionalandroidplatformbasedmediaplayer,calledLec-to-Mobile,hasbeenre- leased to the public in 2011 and is freely downloadable form the android market site.Werecommendthatthereadersusethisplayeronamobiledisplayunitfora betterunderstandingofthediscussedtopics. Thismonographmaybeofvaluetovideoanalysisresearchersandpractitioners who are interested in developing technologies for video analyses in general, and educational video in particular. The book is mostly self contained and is intended for a wide audience. The mathematical complexity of the book remains at a level wellwithinthegraspofundergraduatestudents.Abasicfamiliaritywiththeareaof imageprocessingshouldsuffice.Hencethestudentsmayfindthisbookusefulasa reference.Wehaveprovidedalargenumberoffigurestohelpunderstandthetopic well. Wewelcomecommentsandsuggestionsfromthereaders. Mumbai, A.RanjithRam January2012 SubhasisChaudhuri Acknowledgments The effort to write a book suffers from a periodic nonchalance and is impossible withouttheactivesupportandencouragementofalargenumberofpeople. TheauthorsarethankfultoProf.SharatChandranandProf.ShabbirN.Merchant atIITBombayfortheirinsightfulcommentsandideasatvariousstagesofresearch overthelastfouryears.ThanksarealsoduetoProf.JayantaMukhopadhyayofIIT Kharagpur,Prof.JohnR.KenderofColumbiaUniversity,andProf.VenkatRangan of Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham for their valuable comments. The help given by TruptiN.TheteinimplementingtheaudiowatermarkingandAnupShettyinimple- mentingtheoptimalvideoshotdetectionisgreatlyacknowledged.Theauthorsare alsothankfultoProf.KannanMoudgalyaandtheCentreforDistanceEngineering EducationProgramme(CDEEP)atIITBombayforprovidingvariousinstructional videos. A few undergraduate students took up the task of developing the Lec-to- Mobileplayer.TheauthorsthankHimaniArora,DevalAgrahari,ManasChaudhari andSiddarthSarangdharforthesame.TheauthorsarealsoindebtedtoIITBombay foritseffortingettingthedevelopedtechnologiespatented. The first author wishes to acknowledge the support received from the Quality ImprovementProgram(QIP)tocarryoutresearchatIITBombay.Thesecondauthor acknowledgesthefundingsupportfromtheDepartmentofScienceandTechnology (DST) in the form of a JC Bose National Fellowship. The administrative support fromthepublisherisalsogratefullyacknowledged. The authors are thankful to their family members for their love, support and constantencouragement. Mumbai, A.RanjithRam January2012 SubhasisChaudhuri ix
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