Veterinary histology of domestic mammals and birds : textbook and colour atlas

433 Pages·2019·189.463 MB·English

by  Hans-Georg Liebich, Corinna Klupiec

VETERINARY HISTOLOGY
OF DOMESTIC MAMMALS
AND BIRDS
5th Edition
Textbook and Colour Atlas
Publishing
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VETERINARY HISTOLOGY
OF DOMESTIC MAMMALS
AND BIRDS
5th Edition
Textbook and Colour Atlas
Hans-Georg Liebich
Translated and revised by
Corinna Klupiec
Publishing
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First published 2010
This edition published by 5m Publishing 2019
Authorised translation of the second German language edition of Hans-Georg Liebich, Funktionelle
Histologie der Haussäugetiere und Vögel 5. Auflage © 2010 by Schattauer GmbH, Stuttgart/Germany
Copyright © Hans-Georg Liebich 2019
Corinna Klupiec asserts her right to be known as the translator of this work
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright holder.
Published by
5M Publishing Ltd,
Benchmark House,
8 Smithy Wood Drive,
Sheffield, S35 1QN, UK
Tel: [phone]
www.5mpublishing.com
A Catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 9781789180091
Book layout by KPSM, Neville Lodge, Tettenhall, Wolverhampton
Printed by Replika Press Ltd, Pvt India
Photos and illustrations by Schattauer
Important note:
Medicine is an ever-changing science, so the contents of this publication, especially recommendations
concerning diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, can only give an account of the knowledge at the
time of publication. While utmost care has been taken to ensure that all specifications regarding drug
selection and dosage and treatment options are accurate, readers are urged to review the product
information sheet and any relevant material supplied by the manufacturer, and, in case of doubt, to
consult a specialist. From both an editorial and public interest perspective, the publisher welcomes
notification of possible inconsistencies. The ultimate responsibility for any diagnostic or therapeutic
application lies with the reader.
No special reference is made to registered names, proprietary names, trademarks, etc. in this publication.
The appearance of a name without designation as proprietary does not imply that it is exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
This publication is subject to copyright, all rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material
is concerned. Any use of this publication outside the limits set by copyright legislation, without the prior
written permission of the publisher, is liable to prosecution.
Prof. Dr Klaus-Dieter Budras Priv.-Doz. Dr Sven Reese
Institut für Veterinär-Anatomie Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und
Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin Embryologie
Freie Universität Berlin Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Koserstraße 20, D-14195 Berlin Veterinärstraße 13, D-80539 München
Univ.-Prof. Dr Dr h.c. mult. Hans-Georg Liebich Dr Grammatia Zengerling
Tierärztliches Fakultät Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Embryologie
Veterinärstraße 13, D-80539 München Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Veterinärstraße 13, D-80539 München
Univ.-Prof. Dr Johann Maierl
Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und
Embryologie
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Veterinärstraße 13, D-80539 München
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Contents
Foreword xv Golgi apparatus (complexus golgiensis) 13
Translator’s note xvii Membrane recycling 14
About the companion website xviii Organelles of cellular respiration and
energy production 14
1 The cell (cellula) 1
Mitochondria 14
H.-G. Liebich Number and distribution of
mitochondria 16
Cell membrane (cytolemma, membrana
cellularis) 1 Cell contractility and motility 16
Cell membrane structure 1 Actin filaments (microfilaments) 16
Lipid bilayer 2 Microtubules 17
Membrane proteins 3 Centriole (centriolum) 19
Integral membrane proteins 3 Microtubule-organising centre (MTOC) 19
Peripheral membrane proteins 3 Cilia 20
Membrane polysaccharides 3 Intermediate filaments 20
Plasmalemma 3 Keratins (cytokeratins, tonofilaments) 21
Vimentin and vimentin-like proteins 21
Cellular metabolism 4
Neurofilaments 21
Mechanisms of substrate uptake 5
Lamin A and lamin B 21
Membrane transport 5
Vesicular transport 5 Exogenous and endogenous cellular
Endocytosis 5 inclusions 21
Pinocytosis 6 Endogenous pigments 22
Receptor-mediated endocytosis 6 Exogenous pigments 22
Phagocytosis 6
Nucleus 22
Exocytosis 7
Number, size, shape and position 23
Endosomal system 8
Nuclear envelope (nucleolemma) 24
Intracellular metabolism 8
Nucleoplasm (nucleoplasma) 24
Cell matrix (cytosol) 8
Chromatin (chromatinum) 25
Lysosomes (lysosoma) 9
Euchromatin (euchromatinum) 25
Lysosome structure 9
Heterochromatin (heterochromatinum) 26
Peroxisomes (peroxisoma) 10
Nucleolus 26
Organelles of anabolism 10
Ribosomes (ribosoma) 10 Cell growth and division 26
Ribosome structure 10 Cell cycle 27
Endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum Interphase 27
endoplasmaticum) 11 Mitotic (M) phase: nuclear division
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum (karyokinesis) and cytoplasmic division
endoplasmaticum granulosum) 11 (cytokinesis) 28
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum Prophase 28
endoplasmaticum nongranulosum) 12 Metaphase 28
Organelles of protein modification and Anaphase 29
vesicular trafficking 13 Telophase 29
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vi Contents
Cytokinesis 29 Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
Endomitosis 30 (epithelium stratificatum squamosum
Amitosis 30 cornificatum) 46
Meiosis 30 Transitional epithelium
Meiosis I (reductional division) 30 (epithelium transitionale) 47
Meiosis II (equatorial division) 30 Glandular epithelium (epithelium
Cell death 30 glandulare) 47
Endocrine glands (glandulae endocrinae) 50
Cell surface specialisations 32
Exocrine glands (glandulae exocrinae) 51
Apical surface specialisations 32
Intra-epithelial glands (glandulae
Microvilli 32
intraepitheliales) 51
Cilia (kinocilia) 33
Extra-epithelial glands (glandulae
Stereocilia 34
exoepitheliales) 52
Lateral surface specialisations 34
Shape of the secretory unit 53
Direct contacts 34
Structure of the ducts 53
Indirect contacts 34
Mode of secretion 53
Zonula occludens (tight junction) 34
Chemical composition of the secretion 56
Zonula adherens and desmosome (macula
adherens) 35
3 Connective and supportive tissues
Gap junction (nexus) 36
(textus connectivus) 62
Basal surface specialisations 37
H.-G. Liebich
Focal adhesions 37
Hemidesmosomes 37 Structure of connective and supportive
Basement membrane (membrana basalis) 37 tissues 62
Lamina lucida 37 Cells 62
Lamina basalis 37 Resident cells 62
Lamina fibroreticularis 38 Transient cells 64
Intercellular matrix (substantia
2 Epithelial tissue (textus epithelialis) 39 intercellularis) 65
H.-G. Liebich Connective tissue fibres 66
Collagen fibres (fibra collagenosa) 66
Histogenesis 41
Reticular fibres (fibra reticularis) 67
Classification 41 Elastic fibres (fibra elastica) 68
Ground substance 69
Surface epithelium (epithelium superficiale) 41
Single-layered epithelium Types of connective tissue 69
(epithelium simplex) 41 Embryonic connective tissue
Simple squamous epithelium (textus connectivus embryonalis) 69
(epithelium simplex squamosum) 41 Reticular connective tissue
Simple cuboidal epithelium (textus connectivus reticularis) 71
(epithelium simplex cuboideum) 43 Lymphoreticular connective tissue
Simple columnar epithelium (textus connectivus lymphoreticularis) 71
(epithelium simplex columnare) 43 Haemoreticular connective tissue
Pseudostratified epithelium (textus connectivus haemopoeticus) 71
(epithelium pseudostratificatum) 44 Adipose tissue (textus adiposus) 71
Multi-layered (stratified) epithelium Pluri- or multilocular adipose tissue
(epithelium stratificatum) 44 (textus adiposus fuscus) 72
Stratified cuboidal or columnar epithelium Unilocular adipose tissue
(epithelium stratificatum cuboideum/ (textus adiposus albus) 72
columnare) 45 Connective tissue proper
Stratified squamous epithelium (textus connectivus collagenosus) 72
(epithelium stratificatum squamosum) 45 Loose connective tissue (textus connectivus
Non-keratinised stratified squamous collagenosus laxus) 74
epithelium (epithelium stratificatum Dense connective tissue (textus connectivus
squamosum noncornificatum) 45 collagenosus compactus) 74
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Contents vii
Dense irregular connective tissue 74 Fine structure of cardiac muscle
Dense regular connective tissue 75 (myocytus striatus cardiacus) 99
Sarcoplasm 99
Types of supportive tissue 76
Sarcoplasmic reticulum 101
Cartilage (textus cartilagineus) 76
Impulse generation and conduction
Hyaline cartilage (cartilago hyalina) 77
pathways 102
Elastic cartilage (cartilago elastica) 79
Fibrocartilage (cartilago fibrosa) 79
5 Nervous tissue (textus nervosus) 103
Bone (textus osseus) 80
H.-G. Liebich
Bone cells 81
Osteoprogenitor cells 81 Nerve cells (neuron, neurocytus) 103
Osteoblast (osteoblastus) 81 Classification of nerve cells 103
Bone-lining cells 82 Unipolar neurons 103
Osteocyte (osteocytus) 83 Bipolar neurons 103
Osteoclast (osteoclastus) 83 Pseudo-unipolar neurons 105
Bone matrix 84 Multipolar neurons 105
Organic component (collagen fibres Neuronal structure 106
and ground substance) 84 Perikaryon 106
Inorganic component (minerals) 84 Nerve cell processes 107
Types of bone 85 Dendrites 107
Woven bone (os membranaceum Axons 107
reticulofibrosum) 85 Energy supply and axonal transport 107
Lamellar bone (os membranaceum Synapse 107
lamellosum) 85 Structure of a chemical synapse 108
New bone formation (osteogenesis) 87 Function of the chemical synapse 109
Intramembranous ossification 87 Neuromuscular synapse (motor end
Endochondral ossification 89 plate) 109
Nerve fibre (neurofibra) 109
4 Muscle tissue (textus muscularis) 91 Myelinated nerve fibres 111
Formation of the myelin sheath 111
H.-G. Liebich
Myelination of peripheral nerve
Smooth muscle (textus muscularis fibres 112
nonstriatus) 91 Myelination of central nerve fibres 112
Fine structure of smooth muscle cells Composition of the myelin sheath 112
(myocytus nonstriatus) 91 Unmyelinated nerve fibres 113
Muscle contraction 94 Generation and conduction of nerve
stimuli 113
Striated muscle (textus muscularis striatus) 94
Nerves 113
Skeletal muscle (textus muscularis striatus
Nervous tissue investments 114
skeletalis) 94
Regeneration of nervous tissue 114
Fine structure of skeletal muscle cells
(myocytus striatus skeletalis) 95 Glial cells (neuroglia, gliocytus) 114
Sarcoplasm 95 Glial cells of the central nervous system 116
Sarcoplasmic reticulum 95 Ependymal cells (ependymocytus) 116
Transverse tubular system 95 Astrocytes (astrocytus) 116
Muscle contraction 98 Protoplasmic astrocytes
Fibre types 99 (astrocytus protoplasmaticus) 116
Satellite cells 99 Fibrous astrocytes (astrocytus fibrosus) 116
Innervation 99 Oligodendrocytes (oligodendrocytus) 116
Connective tissue associated with skeletal Microglia (Hortega cells) 118
muscle 99 Glial cells of the peripheral nervous system 118
Microvasculature 99 Schwann cell (neurolemmocyte) 118
Cardiac muscle (textus muscularis striatus Satellite cell (amphicyte, gliocytus
cardiacus) 99 ganglii) 118
Structure of cardiac muscle 99
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viii Contents
6 Circulatory system Eosinophils (granulocytus
(systema cardiovasculare et eosinophilicus) 139
Iymphovasculare) 119 Basophils (granulocytus basophilicus) 140
H.-G. Liebich Agranulocytes 140
Lymphocytes 140
Cardiovascular system
Lymphocyte formation
(systema cardiovasculare) 119
(lymphopoiesis) 140
Capillaries (vas capillare) 119
Lymphocyte morphology and function 140
Continuous capillaries 122
T lymphocytes (T cells) 142
Fenestrated capillaries 122
B lymphocytes 142
Sinusoidal capillaries (vas capillare
Monocytes 143
sinusoideum) 122
Development of monocytes
Blood vessels 122
(monocytopoiesis) 143
Structure 122
Monocyte morphology and function 143
Innervation 125
Nutritional blood supply 125 Platelets (thrombocytes) 144
Arteries (arteria) 125 Development of platelets (thrombopoiesis) 144
Elastic arteries (arteria elastotypica) 126 Platelet structure and function 145
Muscular arteries (arteria myotypica) 126 Blood clot formation 145
Arterioles (arteriolae) 126
Veins (vena) 127 8 Immune system and lymphatic
Venules (venula) 129 organs (organa Iymphopoetica) 146
Arteriovenous specialisations 129 H.-G. Liebich
Heart (cor) 129
The conducting system of the heart 130 Immune system 146
Principles of adaptive immunity 146
Lymph vessels (systema lymphovasculare) 130
Cells of the adaptive immune response 147
Lymph capillaries (vas lymphocapillare) 131
T cells 147
Collecting ducts (vas lymphaticum CD4+ lymphocytes 147
myotypicum) 132 CD8+ lymphocytes 147
Lymph heart of birds (cor lymphaticum) 132
B cells 148
Lymphoreticular formations of birds 133
Immune response to antigens 148
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
7 Blood and haemopoiesis
proteins 148
(sanguis et haemocytopoesis) 134
MHC class I proteins 148
H.-G. Liebich
MHC class II proteins 148
Formation of blood cells (haemopoiesis) 134 MHC class III proteins 148
Regulation of blood formation 134 Antigen-presenting cells 148
Bone marrow 135 Macrophages 148
Non-follicular dendritic cells 149
Blood cell differentiation 135
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) 149
Haemopoietic stem cells 135
B cells 149
Progenitor cells 135
Elimination of antigens 149
Species variation 136
Lymphatic organs (organa lymphopoetica) 149
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) 136
Thymus 149
Development of red blood cells
Cortex 152
(erythropoiesis) 136
Medulla 152
Erythrocytes 136
Differentiation of T lymphocytes 152
White blood cells (leucocytes) 137 Thymic involution 152
Granulocytes (granulocytus) 137 Bone marrow 152
Development of white blood cells Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) 152
(granulopoiesis) 137 Lymphoid follicles 152
Neutrophils (granulocytus Tonsils and Peyer’s patches 153
neutrophilicus) 138 Lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici) 154
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Contents ix
Vessels and sinuses 156 Enteroendocrine system 177
Species variation 156
Additional endocrine cells 178
Spleen (lien) 157
Structure of the spleen 157
10 Digestive system
Splenic parenchyma and blood
(apparatus digestorius) 179
vessels 157
H.-G. Liebich
Lymphatic organs of birds 159
Lymph nodes 159 Oral cavity (cavum oris) 179
Cloacal bursa (bursa cloacalis, bursa Lip (labium) 180
Fabricii) 160 Cheek (bucca) 182
Spleen 160 Palate (palatum) 182
Hard palate (palatum durum) 182
9 Endocrine system Soft palate (palatum molle, velum
(systema endocrinum) 161 palatinum) 183
H.-G. Liebich Species variation 183
Tongue (lingua) 184
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system 161
Species variation 184
Hypothalamus 162
Lingual papillae 184
Hypophysis cerebri (pituitary gland) 163
Mechanical papillae 185
Adenohypophysis 163
Gustatory papillae 185
Pars distalis 163
Innervation and blood supply of the
Chromophobic cells (endocrinocytus
tongue 187
chromophobus) 163
Tooth (dens) 187
Chromophilic cells
Enamel (enamelum) 187
(endocrinocytus chromophilus) 163
Dentin (dentinum) 188
Pars tuberalis 165
Dental pulp (pulpa coronalis) 189
Pars intermedia 165
Attachment apparatus of the teeth 189
Neurohypophysis 165
Cementum 189
Periodontal ligament 189
Pineal gland (epiphysis cerebri) 166
Alveolar bone 189
Species variation 167
Salivary glands (glandulae oris) 189
Thyroid gland (glandula thyroidea) 167 Salivary gland structure 189
Structure of the thyroid gland 168 Parotid salivary gland 191
Follicular cells (endocrinocytus Mandibular salivary gland 192
follicularis) 169 Sublingual salivary glands 192
C cells (cellula parafollicularis) 170 Species variation 192
Species variation 170
Pharynx 193
Parathyroid gland
Tubular digestive organs 193
(glandula parathyroidea) 170
Structure of tubular digestive organs 193
Adrenal gland (glandula suprarenalis) 171 Tunica mucosa 194
Species variation 171 Tela submucosa 194
Adrenal cortex (cortex glandulae Tunica muscularis 195
suprarenalis) 172 Tunica adventitia 195
Zona arcuata/glomerulosa 172 Tunica serosa 195
Zona fasciculata 173 Oesophagus 195
Zona reticularis 174 Species variation 197
Adrenal medulla (medulla glandulae Stomach (gaster, ventriculus) 198
suprarenalis) 174 Glandular stomach (pars glandularis) 199
Innervation 174 Cardiac glands 201
Proper gastric (fundic) glands 201
Paraganglia 175
Isthmus 201
Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans, Neck 203
insulae pancreaticae) 176 Body and fundus 203
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