Veterinary embryology PDF
Preview Veterinary embryology
VETERINARY EMBRYOLOGY VETERINARY EMBRYOLOGY T. A. McGeady, MVB, MS, MSc, MRCVS Former Senior Lecturer in Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin P. J. Quinn, MVB, PhD, MRCVS Professor Emeritus, Former Professor of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin E. S. FitzPatrick,FIBMS Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin M. T. Ryan,MSc, PhD Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin Illustrations by S. Cahalan, MVB Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin © 2006 TA McGeady, PJ Quinn, ES FitzPatrick, MT Ryan and S Cahalan Editorial Offices: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK Tel: +44 (0)1865 776868 Blackwell Publishing Professional, 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA Tel: +1 515 292 0140 Blackwell Publishing Asia, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia Tel: +61 (0)3 8359 1011 The right of the Author to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2006 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd ISBN-10: 1-4051-1147-X ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-1147-8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Veterinary embryology / T.A. McGeady...[et al.].; illustrations by S. Cahalan.— 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-1147-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-4051-1147-X (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Veterinary embryology. I. McGeady, T. A. (Thomas A.) SF767.5.V48 2006 636.089′264—dc22 2005022781 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com Contents Preface ix Morphogens 49 Acknowledgements xi Differentiation 49 Gene structure and organisation 49 1 Division, growth and differentiation of cells 1 X-chromosome inactivation 49 The cell cycle 1 DNA methylation and parental Mitosis 1 imprinting in mammals 49 Meiosis 5 Promoters, enhancers and silencers 50 Transcription factors 50 2 Gametogenesis 10 Gene systems essential for development 50 Spermatogenesis 10 Experimental measurement of gene Oogenesis 13 expression 53 Experimental evaluation of gene function 53 3 Fertilisation 17 Concluding comments 53 Capacitation 18 Cellular events in the process of fertilisation 18 7 Establishment of the basic body plan 54 Barriers to polyspermy 18 Ovum activation 19 8 Coelomic cavities 59 In vitrofertilisation 21 Pleural and pericardial cavities 59 Comparative fertilisation rates 21 Diaphragm 61 Sex determination 22 Peritoneal cavity 64 Parthenogenesis 22 Omenta 65 Sex ratio 23 Chromosomes of domestic animals 23 9 Foetal membranes 66 Development of the foetal membranes 68 4 Cleavage 25 Birds 68 Cleavage in primitive chordates, Mammals 70 amphibians, avian species and mammals 25 Stem cells 30 10 Forms of implantation and placentation 78 Implantation 78 5 Gastrulation 34 Placentation in mammals 81 Primitive chordates 34 Functional aspects of the placenta 101 Amphibians 34 Avian species 34 11 Cardiovascular system 105 Mammals 36 Development of the cardiac tubes 106 Establishment of left–right symmetry Molecular aspects of cardiac development 112 in vertebrates 38 Formation of the cardiac chambers 112 Twinning 38 Conducting system of the heart 117 Developmental anomalies of the 6 Aspects of cell signalling and gene cardiovascular system 130 functioning during development 42 Cellular messengers and receptors 42 12 Embryological and post-natal features of Types of signalling 43 haematopoiesis 136 Induction and competence 44 Embryological aspects of haematopoiesis 136 Paracrine signalling during development 44 Cell differentiation and maturation during Apoptosis 48 haematopoiesis 139 vi CONTENTS Stem cells in human adults and mature 17 Urinary system 233 animals 146 Kidney 233 Immunodeficiency 147 Molecular basis of metanephros development 235 Inherited defects in natural immunity 151 Unilobar kidneys 238 Multilobar kidneys 240 13 Nervous system 153 Bladder 240 Dorsal–ventral patterning of the neural tube 153 Developmental anomalies of the urinary Neural crest 154 system 240 Differentiation of the cellular components of the neural tube 155 18 Male and female reproductive systems 244 Spinal nerves 157 Primordial germ cells 244 Myelination of peripheral nerve fibres 161 Undifferentiated stage of gonad formation 245 Changes in the relative positions of the Differentiation and maturation of the testes 245 spinal cord and the developing Differentiation and maturation of the ovaries 245 vertebral column 161 Features of equine gonadal development 248 Anomalies of the spinal cord 161 Genital ducts 249 Differentiation of the brain sub-divisions 163 Formation of the genital fold 251 Ventricular system of the brain and External genitalia 252 cerebrospinal fluid circulation 174 Factors which influence sexual Molecular aspects of brain development 175 differentiation in mammals 253 Brain anomalies 176 Sex determination 254 Brain stem and spinal cord 177 Molecular aspects of gonadogenesis 254 Cranial nerves 178 Influence of hormones on development Peripheral nervous system 178 of genital ducts and external genitalia 255 Autonomic nervous system 178 Sexual differentiation, associated brain Enteric nervous system 181 function and subsequent sexual Meninges 182 behaviour at puberty 257 Anomalies of sexual development 257 14 Muscular and skeletal systems 184 Descent of the testes 259 Differentiation of somites 184 Ovarian migration 262 Muscular system 184 Cryptorchidism 262 Skeletal muscle 184 Development of the mammary gland 263 Cytodifferentiation of muscle 186 Comparative features of mammary gland Skeletal system 187 development in domestic animals 265 Skeletal anomalies 203 19 Structures in the head and neck 268 15 Digestive system 205 Pharyngeal region 268 Molecular regulation of alimentary tract Derivatives of the pharyngeal apparatus 269 development 207 Face 270 Oesophagus 209 Nasal cavities 272 Stomach 209 Oral cavity 277 Liver 213 Tongue 277 Pancreas 213 Salivary glands 278 Spleen 216 Teeth 279 Development and rotation of the intestines Comparative aspects of dentition 281 in domestic animals 217 Molecular aspects of tooth development 282 Comparative features of the intestines 217 Development of the skull 282 Hindgut 220 Congenital malformations of face and Developmental anomalies of the oral cavity 283 alimentary tract 221 20 Endocrine system 286 16 Respiratory system 225 Pituitary gland 286 Formation of the larynx 225 Pineal gland 289 Trachea, bronchi and lungs 225 Adrenal glands 289 Molecular aspects of respiratory development 231 Thyroid gland 291 Anomalies of the respiratory system 231 Parathyroid glands 291 CONTENTS vii Thymus 293 23 Age determination of the embryo and foetus 331 Pancreatic islets 293 24 Genetic, chromosomal and environmental 21 Eye and ear 295 factors which adversely affect pre-natal Eye 295 development 337 Ear 304 Mutations 337 Chromosomal abnormalities 338 22 Integumentary system 313 Teratogens 339 Epidermis 313 Therapeutic drugs and chemicals 339 Dermis 314 Cytotoxic drugs used for treating Hypodermis 315 neoplastic diseases 348 Hair 315 Poisonous plants 348 Mammalian skin glands 318 Infectious agents 349 Avian skin 320 Assessing the aetiology of congenital disease 353 Congenital and inherited defects of the skin 322 Hooves and claws 322 Glossary 355 Horns and related structures 328 Index 364
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