Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging: Birds, Exotic Pets and Wildlife

434 Pages·2008·46.43 MB·English

by  Charles S. Farrow DVM

11830 Westline Industrial Drive
St. Louis, Missouri 63146
VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING: BIRDS, EXOTIC PETS, ISBN: 978-0-323-02527-0
AND WILDLIFE
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Preface
III INTRODUCTION this void by providing these scientists with the “living”
link necessary to fully understand the vital anatomy
Since radiology, and later, other forms of medical and infer related function of the creatures they so
imaging have become integral parts of veterinary cur- painstakingly study.
ricula, course content has become increasingly nar- Physical anthropologists and archeologists are just
rowed to the point that it now focuses almost exclusively as likely to fi nd this book useful—perhaps even indis-
on dogs and cats. For its part, the teaching of equine pensable—when it comes to sorting out and categoriz-
radiology has been largely relinquished to surgery, ing the small bones and bone fragments accumulated
while the radiology of farm animals such as cattle, from a typical day’s screenings.
sheep, pigs, and goats is approaching extinction. Finally, any comprehensive department, college, or
Quite understandably, zoo, wildlife, and poultry university library would be incomplete without at
science courses continue to concentrate on the herd or least one copy of this book, and the valuable reference
fl ock, rather than on the individual animal, with material it contains, on its shelves.
instructors devoting their pedagogical energies to
matters of nutrition, parasitism, and contagious
disease. But from this latter group, a relatively new III ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT
entity has emerged, the so-called exotic species, or
simply the exotics. A highly diverse alliance, the exotics The book is divided into three sections: the fi rst on
comprise cage and wild birds, small mammals and birds, the second on mammals, and the third on rep-
reptiles, acreage pets, and a smattering of theatrical tiles. Only animals that I have actually worked with
and demonstration animals. It is to this most fascinat- are included.
ing assemblage, and its medical imaging, that these Wherever possible, photographs of the actual
pages are devoted. patients are provided, not only to aid in identifi cation,
but also to at least partially overcome the clinical detach-
ment that unfortunately often accompanies the
III INTENDED READERSHIP consideration of medical images exclusive of their
sources.
Undoubtedly, the content of this book will improve the A brief account of the aerodynamics of fl ight has
radiodiagnostic skills of most veterinarians, particu- also been included to enable the reader to better appre-
larly those in community practice who see and radio- ciate the consequences of wing injuries and to weigh
graph exotics only occasionally and currently lack a the benefi ts and risks of contemplated surgery, espe-
comprehensive reference. But perhaps more impor- cially as it may pertain to rehabilitation and, hopefully,
tantly, this book builds on what most veterinarians eventual release.
already know about the radiology of common pets,
such as dogs and cats, and shows how such existing
knowledge can be expanded and applied to birds and III DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGY
exotics in a coherent and organized fashion.
Biologists and zoologists, anatomists and ornitholo- As in past books I have continued to stress the diag-
gists are often hard pressed when attempting to transi- nostic superiority of radiographic disease indicators
tion between the living animals they observe in the (RDIs) over less fl exible alternatives such as medical
fi eld and those on their dissection tables. Veterinary algorithms or paradigms. Although of some value
Diagnostic Imaging: Birds, Exotic Pets, and Wildlife fi lls in the past, the sign-oriented approach lacks the
v
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vi Preface III
comprehensive qualities needed to deal with the com- III REFERENCES
plexity of modern medical imaging.
Once mastered, the use of RDIs and their patterns of Simply put, there are none. In writing this book—and
occurrence not only lends itself to a speedier and more I must admit in all candor that initially I was quite
accurate radiographic diagnosis, but also solidifi es and reluctant to take on the project—I was determined to
improves related cognitive strategies, in particular the see the imagery of exotics through fresh eyes. That is
ability to discriminate between relevant and irrelevant to say that I never had any formal teaching on the
radiographic information. Furthermore, RDIs are like subject, even though I hold a degree in Zoology and
open-source code: they can be regularly modifi ed and many years ago completed a radiology residency.
refi ned according to user experience and the discovery It has always seemed to me that the exotics were
of new knowledge. little more than an afterthought, especially in what has
now come to be known as Medical Imaging (formerly
Radiology, and later, Radiology and Alternate Imaging).
III ANATOMICAL SPECIMENS AND
There are surprisingly few publications that deal
CONTEXTUAL NORMALS expressly with the methodology of radiographic diagno-
sis. Most have a medical or surgical focus, including
Wherever possible, anatomical specimens are included related medical images under the heading of ancillary
to clarify unusual, complex, or confusing anatomy: for diagnostics, much as one might incorporate abnormal
example, the bones of a bird’s shoulder joint compared laboratory values.
with those of a dog or cat. Convenient, timesaving, Although I could have turned to the comparatively
normal comparison radiographs have been included scant contributions of colleagues, my feeling was that
with many individual cases, especially when the major such an effort would constitute little more than a brief
radiographic observation is not pronounced. From and probably lackluster catalogue of information—like
the standpoint of information retention, I have found so many loosely related articles in a folder rather than
this method far more effective than simple lesion a coherent, integrated, and, most importantly, practical
annotation. clinical reference.
Accordingly, I have set out my personal approach
to the radiographic, sometimes sonographic, occasion-
III ORIENTATION AND DETAILED
ally computed tomographic diagnosis of the injuries
CLOSE-UP VIEWS and diseases that can affl ict birds and exotics, an
approach forged in the fi res of more than 3 decades as
Furthermore, concerning retained knowledge: I have an academic radiologist. But make no mistake: this
once again made generous use of orientation images, in is not the fi nal word on the subject, far from it, but
addition to close-ups and ultra-close views. My work for better or worse it is my word. I hope you come to
and that of others have clearly shown that the inclu- value it.
sion of orientation views greatly enhances the under-
standing of close-ups, and this enhanced understanding Charles S. Farrow
leads in turn to improved information retention as well
as recall.
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S E C T I O N I
The Birds
C h a p t e r 1
Avian Radiography and
Radiographic Diagnosis
III SMALL CAGE BIRDS: LIMITED
latter situation, obtaining more than a dorsoventral
IMAGING OPTIONS view is diffi cult. The principal drawback associated
with these methods is that the wings and legs will be
Our practice focus is on wild birds, and consequently superimposed on the trunk, concealing portions of the
we radiograph comparatively few small cage birds viscera.
such as parakeets, canaries, and the like. Many of these
small birds have occult disease, with radiography
serving as a screening procedure. Older birds with
localized swellings are often believed to have tumors III MEDIUM-SIZED CAGE BIRDS
and are radiographed in the hope of obtaining more
information such as whether there is bone involve- Small-sized parrots, mostly Amazons and African
ment. Because many of these birds are quite fragile Grays, are the most common medium-sized cage birds
medically, as well as physically, they are often exam- seen in our practice. Like the majority of wild birds we
ined with little or no restraint, with full realization of image, parrots are imaged by radiographs and occa-
the effect that this will have on radiographic quality. sionally ultrasound while anesthetized with gas
We prefer to image small unrestrained birds in the (Figure 1-3), which also provides an additional oppor-
perching position (Figure 1-1), provided they are strong tunity to further examine any known or suspected
enough. If a bird is too weak to perch, it can be radio- injuries. In special circumstances, we may radiograph
graphed in a disposable cardboard box (Figure 1-2), these birds while perched (Figure 1-4).
with its movement limited by adjustable inserts. In this Text continued on p. 6.
1
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2 SECTION I III The Birds
A
B C
Figure 1-1•A, Lovebird exploring the beard of its handler before being imaged. The bird was subsequently radiographed while perched,

producing both lateral (B) and dorsoventral (C) projections. Because the wings are positioned naturally, they are superimposed on the torso
in both views.
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CHAPTER 1 III Avian Radiography and Radiographic Diagnosis 3
A
B
Figure 1-2•A, Orientation and close-up (B) views of a small bird radiographed within a disposable cardboard box, using a vertically

oriented x-ray beam. Obviously, this is not an ideal view, but it was the safest way to initially screen for injuries.
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4 SECTION I III The Birds
A
B
Figure 1-3•A, An Amazon parrot warily eyes the recently removed anesthetic mask as it regains consciousness after radiographic

examination that revealed a displaced fracture of the proximal tarsometatarsus (B).
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CHAPTER 1 III Avian Radiography and Radiographic Diagnosis 5
A
B
Figure 1-4•A, A small parrot is imaged while in a perched position, using a horizontally directed x-ray beam. B, The result is a lateral

radiograph.
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6 SECTION I III The Birds
III WILD BIRDS: DIAGNOSTIC
intensity lamp (Figure 1-7). A VD image of a medium-
QUALITY—THE PRIME DIRECTIVE sized raptor on a large fi lm with the wings partially
extended should be suffi ciently symmetrical to allow
Diagnostic quality depends on two essential ingredi- for a close comparison between the injured and normal
ents: (1) appearance and (2) positioning. Appearance wings (Figure 1-8).
refers to image contrast and detail, and positioning
refers to how well a standard projection approaches
the ideal. For example, a quality ventrodorsal (VD)
III PRECAUTIONS WHEN
radiograph of an owl should show a clear difference
in the appearance of bones compared with the adjacent RADIOGRAPHING BIRDS
muscle: the former appearing nearly white and the
latter a medium to dark shade of gray (Figure 1-5). A When handling fully conscious birds, especially large
lighter fi lm designed to evaluate the feathers and soft wild birds, the following precautions should be
tissues can be obtained by decreasing the exposure taken:
(Figure 1-6).
The background lung and air sacs should appear • Work should be done in reasonably dim light.
dark gray, except where overlain by muscle, in which • Unnecessary noise should be avoided.
case they become invisible. For the most part, the edges • Appropriate protective clothing, gloves, head-
of the bones and cardiohepatic silhouette should gear, and eye shields should be worn until the
appear sharply outlined without the benefi t of an bird is fully incapacitated.
Figure 1-5•Close-up ventrodorsal view of

the right elbow region of an owl with a
large-gauge shotgun pellet embedded in the
muscles between its right radius and ulna.
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CHAPTER 1 III Avian Radiography and Radiographic Diagnosis 7
Figure 1-6•A lighter fi lm of the gunshot

wound shown in Figure 1-5 indicates that
there are no further soft tissue or feather
injuries.
• The bird’s head and torso should be covered with • The bird should not be recovered, and the radiog-
a medium-sized towel. rapher should not leave radiology until the radio-
• All escape routes from radiology should be closed graphs are deemed satisfactory and additional
off and secured before handling the bird. views have been made.
• If a bird does escape, containment should be
achieved fi rst, then capture. Figure 1-9 illustrates some of the precautions taken
• When recapturing an escaped bird, everything to ensure the safety of the bird and radiographers when
possible should be done to make the experience being imaged. Figure 1-10 shows how even a momen-
as nonstressful as possible, even if it means giving tary lapse in concentration can lead to escape by a
the bird some quiet time to settle down before determined bird. Figure 1-11 shows one of the hazards
reattempting the radiographic examination. that awaits the unwary radiographer. When handling
• If a bird is anesthetized and maintained on gas a large bird with powerful wings, it is best to remember
while being radiographed, it should be moni- that these wings, too, are potentially dangerous, espe-
tored closely and regularly. Ideally, anesthesia cially blows to the face (Figure 1-12). Taking detailed
should be one person’s priority. photographs of unconscious or barely conscious birds
• The radiographer should stay focused and get after radiography should be done only with the assis-
the job done as quickly as possible but not at the tance of an experienced handler (Figure 1-13).
expense of thoroughness and completeness. Text continued on p. 13.
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