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ANIMAL SCIENCE, ISSUES AND PROFESSIONS SERIES V W ETERINARIAN ORKFORCE R D A OLE IN EFENSE GAINST A D NIMAL ISEASE No par t of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. A S , I NIMAL CIENCE SSUES P S AND ROFESSIONS ERIES Animal Genetics Leopold J. Rechi (Editor) 2009. ISBN: 978-1-60741-844-3 Primatology: Theories, Methods and Research Emil Potocki and Juliusz Krasiñski (Editors) 2009. ISBN: 978-1-60741-852-8 Dolphins: Anatomy, Behavior and Threats Agustin G. Pearce and Lucía M. Correa (Editors) 2010. ISBN: 978-1-60876-849-3 The Integument of Dolphins Wilfried Meyer 2010. ISBN: 978-1-61668-254-5 The Integument of Dolphins Wilfried Meyer 2010. ISBN: 978-1-61668-604-8 Cognitive Visual Memory in Cats V. M. Okujava, and T. A. Natishvili 2010. ISBN: 978-1-61668-293- 3 Cognitive Visual Memory in Cats V. M. Okujava, and T. A. Natishvili 2010. ISBN: 978-1-61668-612-3 (Online Book) Mycotoxicoses in Animals Economically Important Edlayne Gonçalez, Joana D’arc Felicio and Simone Aquino (Editors) 2010. ISBN: 978-1-61668-195-1 Whales and Dolphins: Behavior, Biology and Distribution Craig A. Murray 2010. ISBN: 978-1-61668-693-2 Whales and Dolphins: Behavior, Biology and Distribution Craig A. Murray 2010. ISBN: 978-1-61668-805-9 (Online Book) Veterinarian Workforce Role in Defense Against Animal Disease Justin C. Bennett (Editor) 2010. ISBN: 978-1-60741-656-2 ANIMAL SCIENCE, ISSUES AND PROFESSIONS SERIES V W ETERINARIAN ORKFORCE R D A OLE IN EFENSE GAINST A D NIMAL ISEASE JUSTIN C. BENNETT EDITOR Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York Copyright © 2010 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Veterinarian workforce role in defense against animal disease / editor, Justin C. Bennett. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61324-233-9 (eBook) 1. Veterinarians--Supply and demand--United States. 2. Communicable diseases in animals--United States. I. Bennett, Justin C. [DNLM: 1. Veterinary Medicine--manpower. 2. Animal Diseases--prevention & control. 3. Disease Outbreaks--veterinary. 4. Physician's Role. 5. Veterinarians--supply & distribution. SF 760.S64 V586 2009] SF623.V48 2009 636.089'440973--dc22 2009034183 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.  New York CONTENTS Preface Veterinarian Workforce: Actions Are Needed to Ensure Sufficient Capacity for Protecting Public and Animal Health ix United States Government Accountability Office Chapter 1 Results in Brief 1 United States Government Accountability Office Chapter 2 Background 7 United States Government Accountability Office Chapter 3 The Federal Government Lacks a Comprehensive Understanding of the Sufficiency of Its Veterinarian Workforce 11 United States Government Accountability Office Chapter 4 Efforts to Identify the Veterinarian Workforce Needed during a Pandemic and Large-Scale Animal Disease Outbreak Are Insufficient 33 United States Government Accountability Office Chapter 5 Federal and State Agencies Are Missing Important Opportunities to Ensure Efficient Use of Veterinarians during Disease Outbreaks 41 United States Government Accountability Office Chapter 6 Conclusions 51 United States Government Accountability Office viii Contents Chapter 7 Recommendations for Executive Action 53 United States Government Accountability Office Chapter 8 Agency Comments and Our Evaluation 57 United States Government Accountability Office Chapter 9 Appendix I: Location and Responsibilities of Veterinarians in the Federal Government 61 United States Government Accountability Office Chapter 10 Appendix II: Scope and Methodology 67 United States Government Accountability Office Chapter 11 Appendix III: Comments from the Department of Agriculture 73 U. S. Government Accountability Office Chapter 12 Appendix IV: Comments from the Department of Defense 85 United States Government Accountability Office Chapter 13 Appendix V: Comments from the Department of Health and Human Services 87 U. S. Government Accountability Office Chapter 14 Appendix VI: Comments from the Office of Personnel Management 96 United States Government Accountability Office Chapter 15 Appendix VII: Comments from the Department of Homeland Security 98 United States Government Accountability Office Chapter 16 Appendix VIII: Comments from the Department of the Interior 103 United States Government Accountability Office Index 107 PREFACE United States Government Accountability Office WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY Veterinarians are essential for controlling zoonotic diseases—which spread between animals and humans—such as avian influenza. Most federal veterinarians work in the Departments of Agriculture (USDA), Defense (DOD), and Health and Human Services (HHS). However, there is a growing national shortage of veterinarians. GAO determined the extent to which (1) the federal government has assessed the sufficiency of its veterinarian workforce for routine activities, (2) the federal government has identified the veterinarian workforce needed during a catastrophic event, and (3) federal and state agencies encountered veterinarian workforce challenges during four recent zoonotic outbreaks. GAO surveyed 24 federal entities about their veterinarian workforce; analyzed agency workforce, pandemic, and other plans; and interviewed federal and state officials that responded to four recent zoonotic outbreaks. WHAT GAO RECOMMENDS GAO is making recommendations to help ensure sufficient veterinarian capacity to protect public and animal health. In commenting on a draft of this report USDA, DOD, OPM, DHS, and Interior generally agreed with our