Vertebrate life

624 Pages·2018·70.767 MB·English

by  Pough, F Harvey;Janis, Christine M

Vertebrate Life
TENTH EDITION

Vertebrate
Life
TENTH EDITION
F. Harvey Pough Christine M. Janis
Rochester Institute of Technology, Brown University, Emerita,
Emeritus and University of Bristol
Chapter 26 “Primate Evolution and the Emergence of Humans”
by Sergi López-Torres, University of Toronto Scarborough and
Roman Kozlowski Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences
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Vertebrate Life, 10th Edition
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earliest mammals, Morganucodon (left)
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insectivores about the size of extant
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Pough, F. Harvey, author. | Janis, Christine M. (Christine Marie),
1950- author.
Title: Vertebrate life / F. Harvey Pough, Rochester Institute of Technology,
Emeritus, Christine M. Janis, Brown University, Emerita, University of
Bristol ; chapter 26 “Primate Evolution and the Emergence of Humans” by
Sergi López-Torres, University of Toronto Scarborough, Roman Kozlowski
Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences
Description: Tenth edition. | New York : Oxford University Press, [2019] |
Revised edition of: Vertebrate life / F. Harvey Pough, Christine M. Janis,
John B. Heiser. 9th ed. Boston : Pearson, c2013. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018005330 (print) | LCCN 2018005884 (ebook) | ISBN
9781605357218 (ebook) | ISBN 9781605356075 (casebound)
Subjects: LCSH: Vertebrates--Textbooks. | Vertebrates, Fossil--Textbooks.
Classification: LCC QL605 (ebook) | LCC QL605 .P68 2019 (print) | DDC
596--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018005330
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
Brief Contents
CHAPTER 1 Evolution, Diversity, and Classification of Vertebrates 1
CHAPTER 2 What Is a Vertebrate? 19
CHAPTER 3 Jawless Vertebrates and the Origin of Jawed Vertebrates 41
CHAPTER 4 Living in Water 65
CHAPTER 5 Geography and Ecology of the Paleozoic Era 83
CHAPTER 6 Radiation and Diversification of Chondrichthyes 95
CHAPTER 7 Extant Chondrichthyans 103
CHAPTER 8 Radiation and Diversity of Osteichthyes 121
CHAPTER 9 Extant Bony Fishes 133
CHAPTER 10 Origin and Radiation of Tetrapods 161
CHAPTER 11 Extant Amphibians 181
CHAPTER 12 Living on Land 211
CHAPTER 13 Geography and Ecology of the Mesozoic Era 233
CHAPTER 14 Synapsids and Sauropsids 241
CHAPTER 15 Ectothermy: A Low-Energy Approach to Life 269
CHAPTER 16 Turtles 283
CHAPTER 17 Lepidosaurs 301
CHAPTER 18 Crocodylians 329
CHAPTER 19 Mesozoic Diapsids: Dinosaurs and Others 343
CHAPTER 20 Endothermy: A High-Energy Approach to Life 371
CHAPTER 21 The Origin and Radiation of Birds 387
CHAPTER 22 Extant Birds 399
CHAPTER 23 Geography and Ecology of the Cenozoic Era 435
CHAPTER 24 Synapsida and the Evolution of Mammals 451
CHAPTER 25 Extant Mammals 481
CHAPTER 26 Primate Evolution and the Emergence of Humans 519
Contents
Preface xv 2.4 Vertebrate Embryonic Development 24
Development of the body 24
Development of the pharyngeal region 25
Chapter 1
Development of the brain 27
Evolution, Diversity, and Classification Unique developmental features of vertebrates 27
of Vertebrates 1 2.5 Basic Vertebrate Structures 29
Adult tissue types 30
1.1 The Vertebrate Story 1
Mineralized tissues 30
Major extant groups of vertebrates 2
The skeletomuscular system 30
Non-amniotes 2
2.6 Basic Vertebrate Systems 32
Amniotes 4
The alimentary system 32
1.2 Classification of Vertebrates 5
The cardiovascular system 33
Binominal nomenclature 5
The excretory and reproductive systems 35
Phylogenetic systematics 5
The sense organs 35
Applying phylogenetic criteria 6
Morphology-based and molecular-based phylogenies 7
Chapter 3
Using phylogenetic trees 8
Jawless Vertebrates and the Origin
1.3 Crown and Stem Groups 9
of Jawed Vertebrates 41
1.4 Genetic Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 9
Phenotypes and fitness 10
3.1 The Earliest Evidence of Vertebrates 41
Developmental regulatory genes 11
The origin of bone and other mineralized tissues 42
Intragenerational versus transgenerational phenotypic
The mysterious conodonts 43
modification 14
The environment of early vertebrate evolution 43
1.5 Earth History and Vertebrate Evolution 14
3.2 Cyclostomes: The Extant Jawless Fishes 46
Characters of cyclostomes 46
Chapter 2
Fossil cyclostomes 46
What Is a Vertebrate? 19 Extant hagfishes: Myxiniformes 46
Lampreys: Petromyzontiformes 48
2.1 Vertebrates in Relation to Other Animals 19 Cyclostomes and humans 49
2.2 Characteristics of Chordates 20 3.3 Ostracoderms: Extinct Jawless Fishes 50
Chordate origin and evolution 21 Characters of ostracoderms 50
Extant nonvertebrate chordates 21 Ostracoderm evolutionary patterns 50
2.3 What Distinguishes a Vertebrate? 23
Contents vii
3.4 The Basic Gnathostome Body Plan 51 Chapter 5
Gnathostome biology 51
Geography and Ecology of the
What about soft tissues? 52
Paleozoic Era 83
3.5 The Origin of Jaws 52
Early hypotheses of jaw origins 52
5.1 Shifting Continents and Changing Climates 83
The importance of the nose 55
5.2 Continental Geography of the Paleozoic 84
Developmental studies of extant vertebrates 55
5.3 Paleozoic Climates 85
Transitional anatomy in fossils 56
The selective value of jaws 56 5.4 Paleozoic Ecosystems 86
Aquatic life 86
3.6 The Origin of Paired Appendages 56
Terrestrial floral ecosystems 88
The advantages of fins 56
Terrestrial faunal ecosystems 89
Fin development and the lateral somitic frontier 56
Origin of the neck region 57 5.5 Paleozoic Extinctions 90
3.7 Extinct Paleozoic Jawed Fishes 58
Chapter 6
Placoderms: Armored fishes 58
Acanthodians 60
Radiation and Diversification of
The surviving gnathostome groups 61
Chondrichthyes 95
Chapter 4
6.1 Chondrichthyes: The Cartilaginous Fishes 95
Distinctive characters of chondrichthyans 95
Living in Water 65
6.2 Evolutionary Diversification of
4.1 The Aquatic Environment 65 Chondrichthyes 98
Obtaining oxygen from water: Gills 65 Paleozoic chondrichthyan radiations 98
Obtaining oxygen from air: Lungs and other respiratory The Mesozoic chondrichthyan radiation 100
structures 66 Paleozoic and Mesozoic chondrichthyan
Adjusting buoyancy 67 paleobiology 101
4.2 Water and the Sensory World of Aquatic
Chapter 7
Vertebrates 69
Vision 69
Extant Chondrichthyans 103
Hearing 69
Chemosensation: Taste and smell 70 7.1 Morphology of Extant Chondrichthyans 103
Detecting water displacement 70
Skeleton 103
Electrical discharge 72
Jaws 103
Electroreception by sharks and rays 72
Skin 104
4.3 The Internal Environment of Vertebrates 74
7.2 Sharks (Selachii) 106
4.4 Exchange of Water and Ions 75 Sensory systems and prey detection 106
Nitrogen excretion 75 Ecology of sharks 108
The vertebrate kidney 75 Heterothermy 109
Regulation of ions and body fluids 76 Feeding 109
4.5 Vertebrates in Different Environments 76 Reproduction 110
Marine vertebrates 76 7.3 Skates and Rays (Batoidea) 112
Freshwater vertebrates: Teleosts and amphibians 78 Morphology 112
Euryhaline vertebrates 79 Ecology 112
Terrestrial vertebrates 80 Courtship and reproduction 113
7.4 Chimaeras (Holocephali) 113
7.5 Declining Shark Populations:
An Ecological Crisis 114
viii Contents
Chapter 8 Chapter 10
Radiation and Diversity of Origin and Radiation of Tetrapods 161
Osteichthyes 121
10.1 Tetrapod Origins 161
8.1 The Origin of Bony Fishes 121 Tetrapodomorph fishes 161
Earliest osteichthyans and the major groups Earliest tetrapods of the Late Devonian 163
of bony fishes 123
10.2 Moving onto Land 165
8.2 Evolution of Actinopterygii 125 Terrestrial and walking fishes today 165
Basal actinopterygians 125 How are fins made into limbs? 166
Neopterygii 125 Body support and locomotion 167
Evolution of jaw protrusion 126 Lung ventilation and dermal bone 168
Pharyngeal jaws 127
10.3 Radiation and Diversity of Non-Amniote
Specializations of fins 128 Tetrapods 169
8.3 Evolution of Sarcopterygii 128
10.4 Amniotes 172
Actinistia 129 Derived features of amniotes 173
Dipnoi 129 The amniotic egg 174
Tetrapodomorpha 130 Patterns of amniote temporal fenestration 175
Chapter 9 Chapter 11
Extant Bony Fishes 133 Extant Amphibians 181
9.1 Actinopterygians: Ray-Finned Fishes 133 11.1 Diversity of Lissamphibians 181
Non-teleosts 133 Salamanders 181
Teleosts 134 Anurans 184
9.2 Swimming 139 Caecilians 188
Minimizing drag 141 11.2 Life Histories of Amphibians 188
Steering, stopping, and staying in place 141 Salamanders 189
9.3 Actinopterygian Reproduction 142 Anurans 191
Oviparity 142 The ecology of tadpoles 196
Viviparity 143 Caecilians 197
9.4 The Sex Lives of Teleosts 144 11.3 Amphibian Metamorphosis 198
Protandry 144 11.4 Exchange of Water and Gases 198
Protogyny 145 Cutaneous respiration 198
Hermaphroditism 146 Blood flow in larvae and adults 199
All-female species 147 Cutaneous permeability to water 199
9.5 Teleosts in Different Environments 147 Behavioral control of evaporative water loss 201
Deep-sea fishes 147 Uptake and storage of water 202
Coral reef fishes 152 11.5 Toxins, Venoms, and Other Defense
9.6 Heterothermal Fishes 152 Mechanisms 202
Warm muscles 152 Skin glands 202
Hot eyes 153 Toxicity and diet 203
Venomous amphibians 204
9.7 Sarcopterygians:Lobe-Finned Fishes 154
Actinistians: Coelacanths 154 11.6 Why Are Amphibians Vanishing? 205
Dipnoans: Lungfishes 155 Disease 205
Synergisms 206
9.8 Pollution, Overfishing, and Fish Farming 155
Freshwater fishes 155
Marine fishes 156
Contents ix
Chapter 12 14.2 Limb-Powered Locomotion 243
The basal amniote ankle joint 245
Living on Land 211
The sauropsid ankle joint 245
The synapsid ankle joint 245
12.1 Support and Locomotion on Land 211
14.3 Increasing Gas Exchange 247
The skeleton 211
Synapsid lungs 248
The cranial skeleton 212
Sauropsid lungs 248
The axial skeleton: Vertebrae and ribs 212
The respiratory system of birds 248
Axial muscles 213
Why are synapsid and sauropsid lungs so different? 248
The appendicular skeleton: limbs and limb girdles 215
Size and scaling 217 14.4 Transporting Oxygen to the Muscles:
Locomotion 217 The Heart 250
12.2 Eating on Land 219 14.5 The Evolution of Endothermy 253
How did endothermy evolve? 253
12.3 Breathing Air 220
Evaluating the models 254
12.4 Pumping Blood Uphill 220
When did endothermy evolve? 254
12.5 Sensory Systems in Air 222
14.6 Getting Rid of Wastes: The Kidneys 255
Vision 222
Nitrogen excretion by synapsids: The mammalian
Hearing 224 kidney 256
Olfaction 225 Nitrogen excretion by sauropsids: Renal and extrarenal
Proprioception 226 routes 260
12.6 Conserving Water in a Dry Environment 226 14.7 Sensing and Making Sense of the World 263
12.7 Controlling Body Temperature in a Changing Vision 263
Environment 227 Chemosensation: Gustation and olfaction 263
Ectothermy 227 Hearing 264
Endothermy 228 Brains 264
Ectothermy, endothermy, and heterothermy 228
Chapter 15
Chapter 13
Ectothermy: A Low-Energy Approach to
Geography and Ecology of the Life 269
Mesozoic Era 233
15.1 Vertebrates and Their Environments 269
13.1 Continental Geography of the Mesozoic 233 15.2 Dealing with Dryness: Ectotherms in
Deserts 269
13.2 Mesozoic Climates 233
Desert tortoises 270
13.3 Mesozoic Aquatic Life 234
The chuckwalla 271
13.4 Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems 235
Desert amphibians 274
The Triassic 235
15.3 Coping with Cold: Ectotherms in Subzero
The Jurassic 236
Conditions 275
The Cretaceous 236
Frigid fishes 275
13.5 Mesozoic Extinctions 238
Frozen frogs 276
15.4 Energetics of Ectotherms and Endotherms 277
Chapter 14
Body size 277
Synapsids and Sauropsids 241 Body shape 278
Conversion efficiency 279
14.1 The Conflict between Locomotion and
15.5 The Role of Ectotherms in Terrestrial
Respiration 241
Ecosystems 279
Locomotion and lung ventilation of synapsids 242
Locomotion and lung ventilation of sauropsids 243