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95 Pages·2009·1.81 MB·English

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1.
0001. ~ 0004. [ 08 ]
Research on the psychology of happiness has borne out the curmudgeons. Kahneman and Tversky
give an everyday example. You open your paycheck and are delighted to find you have been given a
five percent raise - until you learn that your co-workers have been given a ten percent raise.
According to legend, the diva Maria Callas stipulated that any opera house she sang in had to pay
her one dollar more than the next highest paid singer in the company.
People today are safer, healthier, better fed, and longer-lived than at any time in history. Yet we
don't spend our lives walking on air, and presumably our ancestors were not chronically glum. It is
not reactionary to point out that many of the poor in today's Western nations live in conditions that
yesterday's aristocrats could not have dreamed of. People in different classes and countries are often
content with their lot until they compare themselves to the more affluent. The amount of violence in a
society is more closely related to its ( ) than to its ( ). In the second half of the twentieth
century, the discontent of the Third World, and later the Second, have been attributed to their
glimpses through the mass media of the First.
28. According to the passage, men can be happy only if .
(A) they don't have anybody to compare with
(B) they achieve something for which they have worked
(C) they want everything
(D) they have nothing to lose
(E) they fall in love with someone
29. Which one describes the different notion of happiness?
(A) How bitter a thing it is to look into happiness through another man's eye!
(B) Happiness is an agreeable sensation arising from contemplating the misery of others.
(C) It is not enough to succeed. Others must fail.
(D) Anything you're good at contributes to happiness.
(E) When does a hunchback rejoice? When we sees one with a larger hump.
30. Choose on which is most appropriate for the blanks?
( ) ------- ( )
(A) poverty --- dictatorship
(B) dictatorship --- atrocity
(C) inequality --- poverty
(D) atrocity --- politics
(E) politics --- inequality
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31. According to the passage, development of mass media would .
(A) destroy the private lives of common people
(B) result in the equal society
(C) make the entertaining businesses prosper
(D) calm down the complaints of the Third World
(E) produce more unhappy people
0005. ~ 0007. [ 08A]
Probably the most frequently used attention device in public speaking is what is known as the
'common ground' technique. The speaker begins by identifying similarities that she and her audience
possess in political or religious background, place of birth, ethnic heritage, or interest in certain sports.
When Princess Margaret of the United Kingdom visited the Kentucky Derby and was asked to
present a cup to the owner of the winning thoroughbred, she began her presentation speech by
recalling the similarities between the Kentucky Derby and English Derby. (A) , she was
deemphasizing her uniqueness as a princess from a foreign country and highlighting the interest in
racing that she shared with her audience.
This kind of 'recognition of sameness' between the speaker and listeners is an often-used method for
ensuring audience attention. If there is little that is really common to both to which the speaker can
honestly refer, she would be wise to choose another attention device. For a speaker to imply that she
has had certain experiences which she actually has not had in order to establish common ground is
not only a dangerous practice - it is also unethical.
27. which of the following is not answered by the author?
(A) What are the ways of showing similarities between speakers and listeners
(B) what technique did Princess Margaret use in her speech at the Kentucky Derby
(C) What is the aim of using the method of 'recognition of sameness'
(D) What is the name of a form of dishonest public speaking?
(E) What is the purpose of the 'common ground' technique?
28. Which of the following is the title of the passage?
(A) How to Get Audience Attention
(B) Types of Audience Reactions
(C) How to Arrange Speech Topics
(D) Practical Use of Ethical Topics
(E) How to Conclude Public Speech
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29. Which of the following best fits into (A)?
(A) At last (B) For example
(C) By doing this (D) On the other hand
(E) Unfortunately
0008. ~ 0010. [ 08A]
Authorities from Konrad Lorenz to Ann Landers, from psychoanalysts to EST instructors, warn of the
dangers of bottled-up rage. Unreleased anger, frustration, and hostility can cause sadness and
depression, high blood pressure and heart disease, eating binges, ulcers, migraines, impotence, and
even child abuse. the notion that ( )letting off steam is good for you has a fatal flaw,
according to psychologist Carol Tavris. Tavris argues that in most cases, ( )getting mad actually
creates more problems than it solves. She also maintains that some of the recommended exorcisms for
anger, such as ( )pouring out one's fury to a sympathetic ear or channeling it into a game of
racquetball, are frequently ineffective. Tavris fears for a nation that needs ( )to get everything off its
chest. "A ventilationist society pays no attention to the social glue of kindness and empathy and is in
danger of ( )disintegrating from within," she says.
48. .
(A) When (B) But
(C) Despite (D) In short
(E) For example
49. .
(A) letting off steam (B) getting mad
(C) pouring out one's fury (D) to get everything off its chest
(E) disintegrating from within
50. Carol Tavris ?
(A) Bottled-up rage is dangerous.
(B) You have to vent your frustration to your friend.
(C) Playing racquetball is good for your mental health.
(D) People are trying to be kind and sympathetic these days.
(E) Pouring out your fury may cause problems rather than solve them.
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0011. ~ 0012. [ 08 ]
As Freud made so incontestably clear, the sufferer is always somewhat deterred by a kind of
subversive, internal opposition to the work of cure. He suffers on the one hand from the pains of his
affliction and yearns to get well. But he suffers at the same time from traitorous impulses that fight
against the accomplishment of any change in himself, even recovery! Like Hamlet, he wonders whether
it may be better after all to suffer the familiar pains and aches associated with the old condition than
to face the complications of a new and strange, even though possibly better way of handling things.
40 ?
(A) cardiological (B) surgical
(C) pulmonary (D) psychological
41 According to the passage, it is difficult to cure the sufferer because of his/her .
(A) duplicity (B) anger
(C) delight (D) flexibility
0013. ~ 0015. [ 08 ]
The brain structure that processes perceptions and thoughts and tags them with the warning "Be
afraid, be very afraid!" is the amygdala. Located near the brain's center, this almond-shaped bundle of
neurons evolved long before the neocortex, the seat of conscious awareness. There is good reason for
the fear circuitry to be laid down first. Any proto-humans who lacked a well-honed fear response did
not survive long enough to evolve higher-order thinking: unable to react quickly and intuitively to
rustling bushes or advancing shadows, they instead became some carnivore's dinner. Specifically, fear
evolved because it promotes survival by triggering an individual to respond instantly to a threat - that
is, without cogitating on it until the tiger has pounced. Human brains that detect fear and act on it
behave in ways that are ultimately in our interest. They lead us to protect ourselves and our family.
The evolutionary primacy of the brain's fear circuitry makes it more powerful than the brain's
reasoning faculties. Fear tends to ( ) , as the amygdala hobbles our logic and reasoning
circuits. That makes fear far more powerful than reason. It evolved as a mechanism to protect us from
life-threatening situations, and from an evolutionary standpoint there's nothing more important than
that.
53. ?
(A) The Power of Brain (B) The Power of Fear
(C) The Fever of Fear (D) Fear Is Against Us
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54. ?
(A) The amygdala was laid down long before the neocortex, the seat of conscious awareness.
(B) Fear response is a brain mechanism to protect us from life-threatening dangers.
(C) Fear is far more powerful than reason because it is more destructive and carnivorous.
(D) Fear promotes survival by triggering an individual to respond instantly to a threat.
55. ( ) ?
(A) enhance (B) deliver
(C) guide (D) overrule
0016. ~ 0017. [ 08 ]
In recent years, however, evidence has begun to show that animals have personalities after all.
Chimps, for example, can be conscientious: they think ( ⓐ ) they act, they plan and they control their
impulses, says Samuel Gosling, a Texas-based psychologist. Research has identified similar personality
traits in many other species.
The implications of these findings for research on human personality are powerful. Scientists can
look to animal studies for insight into humans the same way they now look to animal testing for
insight into drugs. Animal research has already begun to shed light on how different types of people
respond to medications and treatments—aggressive and passive rats respond differently to
antidepressants, for example. The hope is that animals can illuminate the murky interplay of genes
and the environment on people's personalities. The research may even lead to predictions about what
people will do, based on their personalities, when they're stressed out or frightened. Putting
personality testing—already a thriving business—on a firm footing could uncover a wealth of
knowledge about where personality comes from.
40. ( ⓐ ) ?
(A) before (B) after
(C) while (D) as
41. ?
(A) Animal studies could cause an accidental disaster.
(B) Animal studies may predict how genes are influenced by the environment.
(C) Different personalities in animal lead to different responses to medications.
(D) Personality adjustment is a thriving business.
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0018. ~ 0020. [ 08]
Gestalt means a sense of wholeness, an integration of the various parts of self. According to this
theory, people become fragmented in contemporary life, pulled in so many different directions that
they lose their sense of being grounded. Similar to the existential approach, Gestaltists are concerned
with issues related to freedom and responsibility, especially in the present moment. Yet, Gestaltists are
intensely action-oriented.
Gestalt therapy emphasizes human __________ ; The Gestaltists place a great emphasis on nonverbal
experience. In fact, Gestalt therapy places the body on the same level as the mind. The basic idea of
Gestalt therapy is that any organism seeks to maintain its internal organization through exchanges
with its environment. It does this through the process of awareness; First, an awareness of an
imbalance in its internal organization; second, an awareness of something in the environment that can
restore balance. The organism recognizes the relationship between itself and its environment as an
integrated unit, an organized, meaningful whole.
Human life is an unending series of incomplete gestalts. When we are living well, we are aware of
our needs. As these needs express themselves through our thoughts, feelings, and actions, we become
aware of what it is in the environment that will satisfy them, and we move to close the gestalt. When
we are not living well, we are unaware of our needs. Consequently, we are unaware of what will
satisfy our needs, and we do not move to close the gestalt. Failure to close the gestalt leads to
psychological fragementation, which, in turn, leads to anxiety, frustration, and conflict which we
experience as we blindly grope to put the pieces together again.
32. Which of the following fields does the passage illustrate regarding Gestalt theory?
(1) education (2) therapy
(3) engineering (4) politics
33. Which is the most suitable to the blank ____________ ?
(1) intelligibility (2) perfectibility
(3) practicality (4) sensibility
34. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
(1) The Gestaltists believe that environmental influence on human beings is essential.
(2) People live with different gestalts depending on the situations they are located.
(3) Being unable to close gestalts is likely to generate negative emotions.
(4) Gestalt theorists put much greater weight on mental aspects than physical ones.
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0021. ~ 0023. [ 07A]
At home, I didn't wave goodbye to anybody. I just left. Without fanfare. I didn't go to school. I
didn't call anyone. I woke up this morning and saw an edge of frost framing the window and I
thought of my father and I thought of the cabinet downstairs in the den and I lay there, barely
breathing, and then I got up and knew where I was going. But I stalled, I delayed. I didn't leave for
two hours because I am coward, really. I am afraid of a thousand things, a million. Like, is it
possible to be claustrophobic and yet fear open spaces, too? I mean, ( ) elevators panic me. I stand
in the upright coffin and my body oozes sweat and my heart pounds and this terrible feeling of
suffocation threatens me and I wonder if the doors will ever open. But the next day, I was playing
center field - I hate baseball but the school insists on one participating sport - anyway, I stood there
with all that immensity of space around me in center field and I felt as though I'd be swept off the
face of the planet, into space.
20. According to the passage, the author is most likely to be _________.
(a) adventurous (b) irresolute
(c) optimistic (d) rude
(e) decisive
21. Elevator panics the author in ( ) because _____________.
(a) there used to be a corpse in it (b) it reminds him of his father's death
(c) it feels like a coffin (d) it is easily out of order
(e) it lacks fresh air
22. According to the passage, the author ______________.
(a) fears open spaces but likes small spaces
(b) fears small spaces but likes open spaces
(c) likes neither small spaces nor open spaces
(d) has an incurable breathing problem
(e) used to be a promising baseball player
0024. ~ 0027. [ 07A]
When we walk through the city we are bombarded by stimuli of all kinds, such as traffic, crowds and
noise, and most city dwellers experience a kind of information overload, which is dealt with by using
an attentional filtering process. We don't stop, we keep our faces blank and eyes straight ahead, and
in doing so, we are not just protecting ourselves but are avoiding overloading other people as well.
When we are overloaded in the fast-moving, ever-changing environment of the city, we make use of
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stereotypes as convenient shorthand ways to make quick judgements about situations and people. They
may not always be accurate, and they can often be dangerously wrong. The problem with the
shorthand of stereotypes is that they ( ). By using limited clues to provide us with a
rapid opinion of other people or places we may choose to limit our interactions. We may decide not
to go to certain places because we believe they will not offer something we enjoy. In the city, we also
make use of stereotypes in order to present an image of ourselves. When we are in public, we use
dress and other non-verbal clues to create a stereotype that signals our social group, attitudes and
personality to others.
32. The main theme of the passage is _______________.
(a) Etiquette for the city dwellers
(b) How to filter over-loaded messages in the city
(c) How to catch up with modern city trends
(d) How to avoid unnecessary accidents in the city
(e) Lack of human contact in the city
33. According to the passage, people in cities pay little attention to the stimuli around them because
(a) they have to protect themselves from unexpected accidents
(b) they are already used to the busy life style of the city
(c) the city is well organized to meet their needs
(d) there is too much information to absorb
(e) the stimuli prevent them from making human contacts
34. Which of the following is best for the blank ( )?
(a) are not efficient (b) restrict experience
(c) worsen human relations (d) are morally wrong
(e) make communications difficult
35. According to the passage, which of the following is true?
(a) We can use stereotypes to communicate our social identities to others.
(b) Stereotypes definitely diversify and enrich city life.
(c) The main advantage of using stereotypes is that they are always correct.
(d) We have to make full use of all the stimuli to make human contacts in the city.
(e) We should take in as much information as possible to survive the tough city life.
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0028. ~ 0029. [ 07]
Psychological theories and research are given extensive coverage in popular magazines and
newspapers. Unfortunately, many of these reports are filled with sloppy thinking, misinformation, and
pie-in-the-sky theories. The first words that spring to your lips when you read such reports- especially
if they contain outlandish claims- should be, "Prove it." For example, in 1990, stories appeared
reporting research on "dermo-optical perception." According to these reports, people had been found
who could identify colors and read print (even under glass) while blindfolded. These feats supposedly
were done using the fingertips. Many articles treated them as evidence of a "sixth sense," or "X-ray
eyes." Martin Gardner, a scientist whose hobby is magic, suggests that such "abilities" are based on
what stage magicians call a "nose peek." Gardener says that it is impossible to prepare a blindfold
(without doing damage to the eyes) that does not leave a tiny space on each side of the nose through
which a person can peek. In accordance with this criticism, the exceptional abilities reported in the
first dermo-optical perception experiments disappeared each time the opportunity to peek was
controlled. As is the case, psychological reports in the press often tend to be made uncritically and
with a definite bias toward reporting sensational findings. Remember, saying "That's incredible" means
__________ - which is quite often true.
31. .
1) Nearly everything we read in the newspapers can be believed at face value.
2) Psychological findings should be widely spread among the public through media.
3) What we read ing popular magazines provides us with practical knowledge.
4) Reports of 1990 on "dermo-optical perception" were found to be ungrounded.
32. .
1) “That's fascinating" 2) "That's beyond question"
3) "That's not believable" 4) "That's substantial"
0030. ~ 0032. [ 06]
Scientists disagree about the place of instinct in human behavior. Sociologists argue that even
complicated forms of human behavior can have an instinctive basis. They believe we have an inborn
urge to propagate our own genes and those of our biological relatives. Social customs that enhance the
odds of such transmission survive in the form of kinship bonds, courtship rituals, altruism, taboos
against female adultery, and many aspects of social life. Other social scientists have argued that
human behavior can be explained solely by learning. Psychologists today generally take a middle path.
They acknowledge that human behavior is influenced by our biological heritage, but most doubt that
either imprinting or true instincts occur in human beings.
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