Verbal Review for Standardized Tests PDF
Preview Verbal Review for Standardized Tests
CLIFFS VERBAL REVIEW for STANDARDIZED TESTS by William A. Covino, Ph.D. Peter Z Orton, M.Ed. 21iffEN&e&. INCORPORATED LINCOLN, NEBRASKA 68501 CLIFFS VERBAL REVIEW for STANDARDIZED TESTS by William A. Covino, Ph.D. Peter Z Orton, M.Ed. 21iffEN&e&. INCORPORATED LINCOLN, NEBRASKA 68501 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My loving thanks to my wife Camille, for her encouragement, an d for putting up with the clutter and lost weekends . To my sons Christopher and Nicholas, I'm grateful for the delightful interrup- tions. Bill Covino My sincerest thanks to my parents, William and Esta Orton, fo r their continued love and support through the years. Peter Z Orton The authors would also like to thank Michele Spence of Cliffs Notes for final editing and careful attention to the production process. ISBN 0-8220-2034-3 FIRST EDITION c Copyright 1986 by Cliffs Notes, Inc. All Rights Reserved Printed in U.S.A. CONTENTS PART I: INTRODUCTION Why You Need This Guide 3 What This Guide Contains 3 Types of Questions 4 Range of Difficulty 5 A General Guideline 5 How to Use This Guide 6 PART II: GRAMMAR AND USAGE ENGLISH USAGE AND SENTENCE CORRECTION QUESTION TYPES English Usage—Type 1 9 English Usage—Type 2 1 1 Sentence Correction 12 DIAGNOSTIC TEST Answer Sheet for the Diagnostic Test 15 Part I: English Usage 17 Part II: Sentence Correction 20 Part III: English Usage 26 ANSWERS FOR THE DIAGNOSTIC TEST Answer Key for the Diagnostic Test 33 Part I: English Usage 34 Part II: Sentence Correction 35 Part III: English Usage 37 GRAMMAR AND USAGE REVIEW 1. Parts of Speech, Adjectives and Adverbs, Linking Verbs, Comparatives and Superlatives 111 (cid:9) iv CONTENTS Parts of Speech 39 Adjectives and Adverbs 40 Linking Verbs 41 Comparatives and Superlatives 42 Exercise 1: Parts of Speech, Adjectives and Adverbs, Linking Verbs, Comparatives and Superlatives 43 2. Case 44 Subject and Object Errors 44 Pronouns in Apposition 45 Who and Whom 45 Possessive Errors 48 Exercise 2: Case 48 3. Agreement 50 Subject and Verb Agreement 50 Pronoun Agreement 54 Exercise 3: Agreement 56 Review Exercise: Sections 1, 2, and 3 57 4. Verbs 59 Verb Tenses 59 Subjunctives 64 Lie/Lay, Rise/Raise, Sit/Set 65 Exercise 4: Verbs 67 5. Misplaced Parts, Dangling Modifiers 68 Misplaced Parts 68 Dangling Modifiers 70 Participles 71 Gerunds 71 Infinitives 72 Prepositional Phrases and Elliptical Clauses 72 Exercise 5: Misplaced Parts, Dangling Modifiers 73 6. Parallelism 74 Exercise 6: Parallelism 78 Review Exercise: Sections 4, 5, and6(cid:9) 81 7. Ambiguous Pronouns 83 Exercise 7: Ambiguous Pronouns 84 8. Other Errors of Grammar 84 Sentence Fragments 85 Double Negatives 85 Omission of Necessary Words 86 Direct and Indirect Questions 88 Like and As 89 CONTENTS V Who, Which, and That—Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses 89 Exercise 8: Other Errors of Grammar 90 9. Errors of Diction, Idiom, and Style 92 Diction 92 Idiom 94 Style 95 Exercise 9: Errors of Diction, Idiom, and Style 98 Review Exercise: Sections 7, 8, and 9 99 10. Punctuation 101 Comma 103 Semicolon 104 Colon 105 Other Marks of Punctuation 105 Dash 105 Apostrophe 106 Exercise 10: Punctuation 106 Review Exercise: Sections 1—10 109 ANSWERS TO THE GRAMMAR AND USAGE REVIEW EXERCISES Exercise 1: Parts of Speech, Adjectives and Adverbs, Linkin g Verbs, Comparatives and Superlatives 110 Exercise 2: Case 111 Exercise 3: Agreement 112 Review Exercise: Sections 1, 2, and 3 113 Exercise 4: Verbs 113 Exercise 5: Misplaced Parts, Dangling Modifiers 115 Exercise 6: Parallelism 116 Review Exercise: Sections 4, 5, and 6 117 Exercise 7: Ambiguous Pronouns 118 Exercise 8: Other Errors of Grammar 118 Exercise 9: Errors of Diction, Idiom, and Style 120 Review Exercise: Sections 7, 8, and 9 121 Exercise 10: Punctuation 121 Review Exercise: Sections 1—10 122 ENGLISH USAGE AND SENTENCE CORRECTION PRACTICE Answer Sheet for English Usage and Sentence Correction Practice 12 3 Part I: English Usage 125 Part II: Sentence Correction 136 Part III: English Usage 148 Vi CONTENTS ANSWERS TO ENGLISH USAGE AND SENTENCE CORRECTION PRACTICE Answer Key for English Usage and Sentence Correction Practice 162 Part I: English Usage 163 Part II: Sentence Correction 167 Part III: English Usage 171 PART III: WRITING TIMED ESSAYS ESSAY WRITING STRATEGIES The Narrative/Descriptive Essay 180 The Analytical/Expository Essay 185 Review 1.87 Sample Essays 188 The Narrative/Descriptive Essay 188 The Analytical/Expository Essay 190 The "Choose Between Options" Essay 192 ESSAY WRITING PRACTICE CBEST 195 English Placement and Proficiency Tests 198 LSAT 200 ESSAY CHECKLISTS 205 PART IV: VERBAL ABILITY VERBAL ABILITY STRATEGIES Prefixes 217 Suffixes 218 Roots 219 Antonyms and Synonyms 220 Analogies 222 Sentence Completion 225 Summary of Major Strategies for Success on Vocabulary Skills Tests 227 VERBAL ABILITY PRACTICE Answer Sheet for Verbal Ability Practice 229 Antonyms 233 Analogies 243 Sentence Completion 254 CONTENTS Vii ANSWERS TO VERBAL ABILITY PRACTICE Answer Key for Verbal Ability Practice 270 Antonyms 272 Analogies 279 Sentence Completion 290 PART V: READING COMPREHENSION READING COMPREHENSION STRATEGIES Brief Passages 302 Longer Passages—Challenging 304 Longer Passages—Intermediate Difficulty 309 READING COMPREHENSION PRACTICE Answer Sheet for Reading Comprehension Practice 315 Brief Passages 317 Longer Passages—Intermediate Difficulty 324 Longer Passages—Challenging 347 ANSWERS TO READING COMPREHENSION PRACTICE Answer Key for Reading Comprehension Practice 366 Brief Passages 367 Longer Passages—Intermediate Difficulty 368 Longer Passages—Challenging 372
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