Ventura e sventura del guerriero. Aspetti mitici della funzione guerriera tra gli indo-europei

197 Pages·1974·7.216 MB·Italian

by  Georges Dumézil

GEORGEDUMÉZLI
S
VENTURA
E SVENTURA
DELG UERRIERO
Aspemtittidi eclifl uan zgiuoenrer iera
trgal iin do-europei
Conu ns agignitor odduiFt utri]iev oso i
ROSENBERGS E&L LIER
Quesetdai zèi pounbeb lciocinal tc ao nsedneslPolr ees sUensi versitaires
de FrancParies,. ·
Titoolrioag lieHne:u re tm alheudru guerrieArs.p ecmtyst hiqudeesl a
fonctigoune rrièrceh ezl esI ndo-Eliropéens.
Tradnuezd iiDo ariRoe ieR obeSrctaog no.
Allpar epardaezmlia onnoes chraintcntooo n tribuJietseoPi i FnuBore iro­
tonloi.
Coperetf irnoan tedsiAp diaLz ainot eeG ruii Ddor occo.
Composiezs itoanmeTp iap:o gVrianficae BnoznoTa o,nr oi.
ConfezLi.oEn.eA:L. eTg.a tEadriitao ArinfaolseGs rigu,l ia(sTcooor .)i n
Tuttdii riri ittsie rvatvio.l unQmouenpe usòet sos reirper ocdooantl tcou n
meznzeop;p puarrez iaeln meepnptpueer ures ion teord niodt aitcsoe,ni zla
pervenpteirvsmosed oe ll'reed.i to
© rg6gP ressUensi versitdaeiF rreasn cPea,ri s.
Primead iziitoanlei anaI9,7 4o·t tobre
© I97b4y Rosenbe&r Sge lliviearA ,n dreaD oriaI 4,I OI2T3o rino.
Indice
VII DUMÉZIL E LA <<FRANGIAD I ULTRA-STORIA Ild iF URIO jESI
XXIX NOTA BIO-BIBLIOGRAFICA
XXXI NOTA AL TESTO
I PREFAZIONE diG EORGES DUMÉZIL
PARTE I:L E OPERE
LE GESTA DI TULLO OSTILIOE IM ITI DI INDRA
9 I. Miteode popea_
I8 2. Gl«iH ora1>te ig il< iA< pty1a>
34 3·M ezFiuoef zieNo a muci
46 4·R appotrrlata if nuziognuee rreil eear latd ruee
52 5·E rediint-dàeo upreoa
PARTE n: LEF ATALÀI T
I TRE PECCATI DEL GUERRIERO
57 I.S olituldiibneer teà
69 2. Indrpae ccatore
76 3·I t rpee cceal tepi e rddiiIt ned ra
85 4·I trpee ccdaiSt tia rcatherus
99 5·I trpee ccdaiEt ria cle
I07 6.F atadleiltflànua z iognuee rriera
PARTE m: LE PROMOZIONI
EPIFANIE, MANICHINI, SEGNI
III r. Imo mentdiiu nac arreireoriac a
IIS 2. Vrathrdvn�,r �raVganhaa,g n
I39 3·G uerrei efroir me animali
I48 4·S ceneaa rcic essori
I62 5·I segsnuil l'eroe

DUMÉZIL E LA <1FRANGIDAI ULTRA-STORIA>>
..q.u iconqcuoen sacsraev ieà étudiedre,q uelqpuoein t
de vue quec e soitl,e sp roduidtes l'esprhiutm ains,e
justifiàe s esp ropreyse ux paru nes ortdee foii:l c roit
qu'iclo ntribàu ep réparer lej ouro ù lesm écanismes
dec ete spridte viendronlta matièdr'eu nsec iencMea.i s
ild oits avoiaru ssiq u'un telj ourn 'espta s en vue.
G. DUJriÉZILM,y theeté popéIeI,I 1,5.
Nell'introduaz Liaonr ee lirgoimoani anrec haGi.q Duumeé zil,
dopoa vero sservacthoel af ormuldaiq uell'ocpoenrsae ntaillvaa
<plu rac onstatazidoenlel 'ereidnidtoàe uro>p>de ial imita<rllee l ibertà
chel a' s tor'ir ao manaar caicea i,n s pecileas tordieal lrae ligione,
sic oncedveo lentidear mie zzos ecolsoi,ai nF rancisai aa ll'estero>>,
conclude<vL1aa : mia esposizièo rnies olutamecnotnes ervateri ce
giustiufinc'ai nfindiitd àa tanit ichsiu iq uallia c ritiicnac ontrollata
e laf antasidae llsec uolee d eis ingohlain noc redutdo' avemra no
libercait; r oviaomroa i nu nod egliis tanrtais sicurcahnelt eis cienze
umanei ncontrpainùod 'unvao ltnae l lsovriol upupnoo,d egliis ttain
inc uin uovip untdii v istea n uovsit rumendt'io sservazriiosnceo ­
pronloa f reschedzeziva e cchpia esagag sip, esdee im iraggcih ee rano
statlio ros ostituIintsii.e mceo ni miraggsiv aniscoannoc heu na
partdee lldei fficolcthàe s embravasneop aralrae' Romai ndoeu­
rope'ad allRao ma storic(a1>U>)n .'a nalaicsciu radtiaq uestpea role
permetteg iàd ic ogliearlec undie it ratstail ienet pie culidaerlil o
(lG).D uMÉZILLa,r eloingr iomaianrec ha'iPqaursei,P, a yo1t9,7 3t2rd,a .
it(.L rae liiognreo man"-aY ccaai)Milan,o , Rizzoilnci o,r sdois tampa.
VII
stidlire i cedriDc uam ézLials .ufi as ionodmisi tau dionseodi,i versi
settdoerlli' amdbeiltcloue l tiunrdeo eureo dpeeleml eat odologia
generdaellcelo as idd<e<tstcaid eenmlzi at1> oo d el<l<am ito1>(l 2o)gi,a
spicicnan atnuztipt eolr o s crupdoinl oonl asciarsi< <flsrafe u­ggire
schedzezviae ccphaie sagdgiu nqduien ons acrificaa srceh erni
11,
dottriipnearlcilr aif toincdia mefindtuaclnieeac l o ntedniuvt eor ità
storpirceas einndt aeta in ticcuhliia d istatnzeam poerl aald ei ffe­
renzcau ltucroanlfee rlieps acrev esnpzees,ps uor ameinltleu sorie
man onm ensov iadnetlil,' inaQuuteesnsttcoir cuopd.oiD l uom ézil
sic ongiaurnmgoen icacmoenln ast ueat endean nzuat rdii rceo n­
tinuloos viludpepllora i cesrcciae ntmiofidcearna at,t ingaie ndo
maesottrtio cendteerlsa cphpio crotnlo ' antcihceao l tsrtiu diosi
oggrie spinngeolncloea r cdheiciao lpedvio< dl<éi f adu'tess prit».
Basrtiic orldaar reec ensdiiDo urnnéez iall l'edmiozdieornndaee l
Muttreerc(h1t8 6d1iJ) . BJa.c hof<e<nL:' espdeirmioesnctzhraea ,
quassie mpprreo,p ritoo rnandao simimlio numednetlpi a ssato
e meditan-doelrir ocroim pr-e,s ain zicphréo cedleinndeoa r­
mentsec,o lastilcuanmgleoenv t iefe,a cmialb ie np resetsoa urite
deim aestirim medigaitoiv,as ntiu didoostiap tois sosncoo prire
pundtiiv isntuao veif econ[.d ].iP ..e rsonalmneonntt oern,mo a i
a quessttor aordinMaurtitoce hrdtre e1l8 6s1e nazvav erltapi orsei ­
tiviqanu ietuddiii nndea gini ndeip creosmseasrsiee ,.i.. n11(t 3r)a.v iste
L'i<n<g e1n1B uaoc hofceonn,d andnaaW tiol amoaw iutnzadr astica
damnamteimoo r(i4");af eud if atetdoè ,a ncounraa d,e lle ogtutiod­e
centepsicgùhe eni aplie crh nio ni ntetnrdaas cu<r<falrraee s chezza
(2)C irclaa d istinzfiroans ec ien<zda<e l m it11oe scien«zd ae llmai tol*o•g ia
taldea configurairlme i tcoo me( ipotetiscao)s tanzdae im ateriamitloil ogici,
dunqudee llmai toal,ove gdiiK:. KERÉNYID,i ea ntiRkeel igiinKo .nK ,E RÉNYI,
GesammWeelrtkeB ea,n dV II.M,ii nchen-WieLna,n gen-Mii1l9l6e8rs ,s .t,r ad.
it.( Lrae ligainotninece als luele i nfeoen damie,)nR tomaal,A strolabi1o9,5 P,
pp.1 6 ss.F;. } ESIM,i toliongtioear lnlo' illumMiilnainsoEm,d ioz,d. i C omu­
nità,1 972p,p .7 -132,0 4-21I8d;., Ilm itvoo,l I.V dell'Encilocpedai filosofica
!SEDI,M ilan1o9 73p,a ssim.
(") G.D uMÉZILr,e censiao:nJ e. J .B ACHOFENG,e sammelteI I-WIeIrI.k e:
DasM uttecrhr[tBe aseSlc,h wab1e9,4 8i]n,< R<e vued el 'histdoeisrr ee ligi»o,n s
1949p,p .2 42-243.
(4)C fr.M:. HORKHEIME-R TH. W. ADORNDOia,l ekdteirAuk f kliirung.
PhilosopFhriasgcnmhteeeA ,m sterdam, Querido, 19i4t7.(2 D, iatlraedt.t ica
dell'Illou,)Tm oirinnios,E imnaud1i9,6 72p,. 6 2,n otaF;. J ESII,l m itcoi,t .,
pp.5 0s s.
VIII
deiv eccphaie sag-gip>e>rc hii,n sommnao,n i ntensdaac rifiacllaar e
<g< ioidae llsop ieg>a>ir le< g< ustpoe ri m itcio mef ormazidoipn eir s é
dotatdeis en>s>oc heK .K erén(y5)ir iconoibnbPe h .B uttman(6)n.
L'espress<igi<ooniea d ellsop iegarèe s>t>a tuas atdaa Kerényi
stespseor c aratterilaz'tztaergeg iamdie nKt.oO .M iiller, contempo­
raneod iP h. Buttmea,cn onn i P rolegozmue einnawe irs senschaftli­
cheMn y tholCo)g<,pi< r ee cursdoirt eu ttiols uccessiinvdoi rizzo sto­
ricdoe ll'interprmeittaozlioogni(ec8 a)L>.a> f unziodniep recursore
diK . O.M iillevra ,d 'altroinndtee,is nad ues ensdii verDsai .u n
latoc,o mbattenld'toie nrpretazailolneeg oridsetiim ciat iK,. O.
Miillearv evaa ffermatiolv aolrea utosignifidceainm tiet is tessi,
l'autonoomrigaa nidceal< p< ensamriet i>c>o( 9)d;' latrloa tod,i chia­
randcoh ei lm itor ecian s él ap ropriinat erpretapzuirochnléeos i
colg<an< els uos uolpoa trineol,l sau ar adic(e1>0>e) g,l siie raf orgiato
i presuppomsettio dolopgeircg io derdee ll<ag< i oidae llsop ieg>a>r,e
eda vevpar eferiintfoa tetsia minapreer sonalmiem nittepi i ù< c<om­
plicaet ip>i>ù< r<ealiq>u>e,li lnic uir iconosc<s<eevmap rune pezzo
dellsat ordiiau np aesoe duin ac itgtràe c>a>( 11a)n,z icihm éi tpii ù
<s<empliec ip>i>ù< i<dealpii>ù>a ,ffi nia ll'allegoria.
Ilp ensiedrioD uméziplu òe sserriec eoglaltao quelldoiK . O.
Miillenre llmai surianc uic ontempielr<g <a u stpoe ri m itcio mef or­
maziondii p ers éd otate di> >c soennl as< og< ioia dsepllioe g>a>er e
conl ap referepnezrau n'esegdeims iit ic hec onteanngos pecifica­
mentei ns é« unp ezzdoi s toriAa>lt> e.m pos tessop,e nisli edrio
Dumézislid issopcoilae micamdeanqt uee llo sdteugdliico hseip os­
sonroi conosicneK r.eO .M iilliellr o rpor ecurssoorleno e llam isura
(5K).K ERÉNDYiIe , anRteilkiegt iroandi.,t . c,i tp.p,. 2 8-34.
(6D)i PH. .BU TTMANrNi cordiaimnpo a rticolarSee: rmomnyitsh siecsuiy m­
boliicnit erproe,it na <tC<oi mmentationSeosc ietatRiesg iaes cientiarGuomt ­
tingens>i>sC, l asshiiss tet_p hilX.V,I ,1 808M;y tholsoo,gd uer gesAabmhmaenldt­e
lungen diiSWeae gre dne Asl tertBuermlsi,Mny, l ius1,8 28C.f r.J:. D EV RIES,
ForscheusncghsgidcehrtM ey thoileo,Fgr eiburgjMiinchen, 1A9l6be1pra,,­
gine1 59-163.
(1)G otting1e8n2 5S.u l rappotrrtaPo h .B uttmanne K O. Miillerc,fr .:
F.} ESIIlm, i tcoi,tp. p,. 4 0-44.
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IX
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inc uie glpir ivileglia<a g<viao idae llsop ieg1a>re,e c hed annos fogo
all<a<g ioidae llsop ieg>a>ri ent ermidniim etodsot orico-filologico
ipercrittailcdeoa r ,i pudicaormeen ons cientiilfi<gc< uos tpoe ri m iti
comef ormazidoipn eir s éd otadties ens1o>i ,lg ustpoe r<l< af reschezza
deiv ecchpia esag1g>.i
Ilp untod ell<aF< orschungsges>c>ih nic cuhist iec ollocPanho.
Buttmnane K. O.M illlèe qru eldleo l<K<a mpfu m CreuzeSrysm bo­
li1k>s ,e conlde'os pressdiiEo .nH eo wal(d1 2c)i,od èe llcao nteisnat orno
all'opdeiGr .aF r.C reuzSery,m boulnidMk y tholdoegaril etV eonl ker,
besonddeerGr rsi ec(h1e3n<)K< a ,m pf1 >c hep onevdau ramendtie
fronitler ecupero,s cenvrodoni n eo-platoen idsi<m B<o e geiste1r>u ng
romantidceals, i mboel od elm itoc omeo ccasido'naip procccoino
<l<ep rofonddietlleà's seer dee lp ensie{r1o4>e)> l, e < a<rtiegrliipee san­
til >( 15d)e llpau rae rudizione filQouleosgtciaoc nat.e sseag navial
()1E 2.H owALDD,e rK ampufm C reuzSeyrmsb oTliiikbi,n gMeonh,r , 1926.
Su codest<Ko<a mpf> >e suir elataisvpie tdteil lcao siddetta «sdceilme intzo•a > ,
aiq ualcii r iferirpeimùov oltvee,d ii noltrSTeA:R K,F rC.r euzseeriB,ni ldungs­
ganugn ds eibnlee ibBeenddeeu tHuenigde,l beMrogh,r ,1 875;W . BENJAMIN,
Ursprudnegds e utsTcrhaeunse prieBlesdi,n R,o wohlt1,9 28F,r ankfuar.tM .,
Suhrka1m9p5,5 21,9 633t,r aidt.(. Ild rammbaa rotcecdoe) sT,co orinoE,i naudi,
1971p,p .1 71ss ., 198-19J9.;H oFFMEISTEHR,e geuln dC reeur.zi,n < <Deutsch.
Vierteljahr>s>1c,9h3 r0.p, p .2 60s s.L;. R ADERMACHERM, ythuonsd S agbee i
denG riecBhaednen,b .W ien-LeipzRiogh,r er1,9 38p,p .1 6s s.; .J .D E VRrEs,
ForschusncghsigdceehMrty et holcoigtpi.p,e. 1, 4 41,4 9-15218,3 3,0 6B;. A.S ç!)REN­
SEN,S ymbuonld S ymboliisndm eudnss thetischedne 1sT8 ].ha ehorrhiuennd erts
undd edre utsRcohmeann tKiopke,n hageMnu,n ksgaar1d9,6 3p,p .· 267-2A7.6 ;
BAEUMLEDRa,sm ythiWseclhtea Mlitiencrh,eB ne,c k1,9 65p,p .103-114t[rsait ta
dellrai stamdpeal l'introd(u<zB<ia ocnheo fedne rM ythologdèe rR omanti�k) a l­
la'n tologbiaac hofeniDaenaMr ythvuosOn r ieunntdO ccidMeiinncth,e ni,d. .1 9,2 6];
H. ANTON,R omantiDsecuhteug nregic hisMcyhtehro liongD iieed, e utsRcoh­e
mantihgkb,.v on H.S teffenG,o ttingeVna,n denoec&k Ruprecht1,9 67;F ..
}ESIL, ettteurreaam itToo,r inoE,i naud1i9,6 81,9 732p,p .2 1 ss, 1 33s s.I;d .
Mitoliongtioear lnlo'm iilnliuscimt o.p,,p .2 09s s.Id;. ,I lm itcoit,. p <p,.5 0 ss.
(132). v olliugm gearbA.u sg., v4o,l Lie.i pzig-DarmstLaedstk,e ,1 819
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etd el 'Egycpotnes,i dpérirnéceisp aldeamnelsne tuf rosr mseysm bolieqtmu ye­s
thologoiuqvuraegt$er, a dudietl 'allemdaunD dr . FCrr.e uzerre,f ondeun p artie
etc omplétpéa rJ .-DG.u igniauPta,r isT,r eutteetlW urtz,1 825)
(14<)< Iunn lampol 'idaeffiao rad als imboleo c atturia·s ensiè:u n raggio
cheg iungdei rettamednatlel per ofondidteàl l'eses edreel p ensierpoe,n etra
i nostrio cchie permeal 'intenraat urnao strap:e rcezioinmem ediat.a..> .l:
Fr.C REUZESRy,m bocliitkv.o,,l I. ,� §3 4-35.
(15<)< AH eidelbecrhge,p era nnif ui lc entrdoe lr omanticisalm qou alsei
alimentaraonncoh ei frateGlrliim ro,i lC reuzeorc cupavuan ap osizwnceh e
non potée ssersec ossdaa lnlt'iAsymdbeolVl oisskm, a non ressael laer tiglierie
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pundtioc ridseilfi llao l<o<gpilua)c r oam sec ieunnzialc eag itdti ima
rappocroltn'o a netl iapc oos;i zdiiKo. On .eM illle-rp uarn ti-Creu­
zeri-aneos primeva nliant eicdeasdmsieoi nffttràeia rlfiell ao logia
la'pertvuerralsa 'on ticcoon sisnteelnlt'ea pprdeezvlza almoernet o
autosigndiefilmclianatt oel QougainaDd.uo m éziinml o,l teopclciac­i
sioenn ie lcliat ianttar odauL zair oenileio rgno maianrec hasiqiu e,
dich«iiarsroal utacmoennsteer (v1a6et)p o orlee mciozlnza <a < cri­
l)
tician contreoc lollnaa <tf <aan tasdiica o locrhoei ,nn omdee l
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rigosrcei enthianfincoro i,fi utoa stfiogu·r a<ut<no' infidnidi attài
anticl>h,e ig lmiu ovleu nlgaol inaecac endnaaPitr ao legodmie na
K.O .M iillees rip ropporneec isadmice ongtlelia 'eurteo spiegazione
diu nd atmoa termiiatloel ocgoillcooc,a< nn<deoll sosu uoopl aot rio,
nelsluara a diCcoem>p>i.te arloeep erazdiiro incees rtcoars iicgan i­
ficai,nq uesctaosr oi,fi ult'airpee r<ic<nr ciotnitcra(o elll a<a <tfaa n­
l>
tasicah er iemipv iueo atpie rdtaci o deisptear crdietgsiltciua ­)
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diocshihe a nncoo nseanlt<li<atg oid oeilsalp oi ree>gt> aandtaos acri­
ficaardee ssnao ns olimo i t<pi<i sùe mpll>e i< pc<ii iù d elas)l eic ondo
K.O .M iillmeara ,n cihd ea tdiit radimziitogonilicon hoecn i rcoscri­
vibeinltiir m oo deglnlois eoclhoeqg uiecgsilt ie ssi gsituuddii­osi
cavaeng oi udioccacnaos dii<og <ni iod ieal slpoi egtaardleai c on­
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feraidre es slae gittaissmoieltduàe t sac lusiva.
Agloic cdhiqi u esgtluid liaor siic,ed ric aD umeié nzp ialrt icolare
las uam etodosloongpoir ao fonda«miennattlet>,v u iazliida atle­
l'arbidticr haiimo a <l<af rescdheevize zcapc ahaeigs gle>in ealplp'rez­
zamendtieo s sa utnrago avraa ndzeilal 'autdeunntqiucei tdàe,l la
legittdiemrlia tpàp,oc rotlno'n taiRcioc.e erm ceat odo<li<on gaita­
tualiinu> n>af asdei< F<o rschungsgcehsepc,eh ri cqhsutteeu g­li
>>
diossair,e ubnbase t azidoepnlre o grleisnseoda erllesa c iednezla­
l'anctoinctor asdsaelgslnfiaad tuaec riuad sittoa-r,fii lcooclano,eg li­
l'autednita iuctiotsài gnsitfiocradineczlmaa a termiiatloel ogico,
oppudraerl e cupdeitr aoal uet osignniefitice arnmdziiuan n ic om-
pesadnteilg ll'aAopha[dmeuLlso bec»:kU ). V ONW ILAMOWITZ-MOELLENDORFF,
GeschidcehPrth ei lolionEg iinel,e iitnud nigAe ltertsuwmissenhsgcbhv.ao jnt ,
A. GiercuknedE .N ordeLne,i pzTiegu,b ne1r9,2t 7r,a idt.(. S todreilafil lao ­
logcilaa sas)Ti,oc rinEoi,n au1di96,7p ,. 1 02.
(61)N ons enzuan as ignificcaotiinvcai dceonnlz 'aa naldoigcah iaradzii one
Bachonfeeln l'intrdoeldM uuztitoenrerp epc2.h2 t-,22 36,e, c c(.e dM,e ul1i9,4 .8 )
XI