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Historic, Archive Document Do assume not content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. i IUOIL^>HVA\ United States Vegetation Monitoring: Department of Agriculture Forest Service an Annotated Bibliography Intermountain — Research Station • General Technical Compilers: — Report INT-GTR-352 d \ May 1997 Caryl L. Elzinga - ! -r:/n> Angela G. Evenden - -o ' - cr 03 X " The Compilers methods, statistical and graphical analysis, and communication of results. Over half ofthe ,400 references 1 Caryl L. Elzinga is the Owner and Principal Scientist of have been annotated. Keywords pertaining to the type asmallconsultingcompanyspecializing in rareplantand of monitoring or method are included with each biblio- community measurement and analysis. She holds M.S. graphic entry. Entries are indexed by keywords. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Wisconsin- Madison Land Resources Program where she special- Acknowledgments ized in wetland plant ecology. Angela G. Evenden is a Botanist and Natural Areas This bibliography was completed under a cooperative Program Managerwiththe Intermountain Research Sta- agreement between the Intermountain Research Sta- tion in Missoula, MT. She holds a B.A. degree in botany tion, ForestService, U.S. DepartmentofAgriculture, and and German, an M.S. degree in range ecology, and a Alderspring Consulting, Tendoy, ID. We gratefully ac- Ph.D. degree in botany from Oregon State University. knowledge the Forest Service's Washington Office for financial support in printing this bibliography. Research Summary Contents This annotated bibliography documents literature ad- Page dressing the design and implementation of vegetation monitoring. This bibliography provides resource manag- Introduction 1 ers, ecologists, andscientistsaccesstothegreatvolume How to Use This Bibliography 1 ofliteratureaddressingmanyaspectsofvegetationmoni- Journals List 2 toring: planning and objective setting, choosing vegeta- Keywords List 4 Bibliography 7 tion attributes to measure, sampling design, sampling Keyword Index 175 The use oftrade or firm names in this publication is forreaderinformation anddoes not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department ofAgriculture ofanyproduct orservice. You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing information in labelformthroughoneofthefollowing media. Pleasespecifythe publication title and General Technical Report number. Telephone (801) 625-5437 DG message Pubs:S22A FAX (801) 625-5129, Attn: Publications E-mail /s=pubs/ou [email protected] 1 Mailing Address Publications Distribution Intermountain Research Station 324 25th Street Ogden, UT 84401 Intermountain Research Station 324 25th Street Ogden, UT 84401 Vegetation Monitoring: an Annotated Bibliography Compilers: Caryl L. Elzinga Angela G. Evenden Introduction Our search methods included a combination of computerized literature and library searches. An initial search of Ecological research in recent years has yielded significant computerized bibliographic data bases entailed a variety of new insights into the complexities of ecosystems that land keyword combinations. The databases we searched included management agencies, including the USDA Forest Service, AGRICOLA (USDA), BIOSIS Previews, and FS INFO. are charged with managing. This new knowledge, coupled After this, manual library searches were conducted. Recently withgrowingconcernformaintainingsustainableecosystems, published papers on vegetation monitoring and key symposia hasresultedintheneedtodevelopmoreefficientandeffective proceedings and references were used to identify important approaches to natural resource monitoring. Monitoring of papers and publications. From this effort, specific journals vegetation comprises a significant component of natural wereidentifiedformoreindepthsearching(see"JournalsList" resource monitoring efforts. Vegetation provides habitat for section). Inaddition, wecontactedkeyresearchers andorgani- many otherspecies, provides ecosystemfunctions, and serves zations involved with vegetation monitoring. as an integrator ofenvironmental effects. Over half of the 1,400 references have been annotated. As abasis fordesigning monitoring projects, anddevelop- The annotations differ from abstracts in that they extract and ing new approaches, it is important to build on existing summarize the vegetation monitoring information from each knowledge. This annotatedbibliography documents literature reference. Someofthesereferences arefairly old, somedating addressing the design and implementation of vegetation back to the 1930's. Many of the issues of importance in monitoring. This bibliography provides resource managers, vegetation monitoring, such as choosing among measurable ecologists, and scientists access to the great volume oflitera- attributes such as cover, density, and frequency, were explic- ture addressing many aspects ofvegetation monitoring: plan- itly addressed in these early papers. A large numberofstudies ning and objective setting, choosing vegetation attributes to comparing different field techniques were published in the measure, sampling design, sampling methods, statistical and middle ofthis century as early plant ecologists struggled with graphical analysis, and communication of results. The infor- developing effective methods for measuring vegetation. mation in this bibliography provides a foundation for developing vegetation monitoring projects. How to Use This Referenceshavebeendrawnfromthe plant andcommunity Bibliography ecology,conservationbiology, resourcemanagement, remote sensing, landscape ecology, and statistical literature. Clearly the number ofreferences available within each ofthese disci- Keywordshavebeenassignedtoall references (see"Key- plines is voluminous. We have attempted to select those words List" section), and a complete list of references references most directly applicable to monitoring vegetation associated with each keyword is provided in the "Keyword as well as references describing techniques that may be Index." The words and phrases selected evolved over the underutilized. For example, selections from the statistical life ofthe project, and the list was reassessed and reassigned severaltimes.Thekeywordsprovidebothgeneral andspecific literature include standard statistical texts, as well as papers and books addressing rarely used but potentially valuable searching capabilities. Keywords are arranged by subject groups. For each subject techniques for analyzing monitoring data such as repeated measures analysis, time series, and Bayesian statistics. From group, a single keyword or phrase has been assigned that the vast information available on multivariate techniques functions as a general search term (shown in italics in the such as ordination and classification, we selected references "KeywordsList"section).Thisgeneralsearchtermwillaccess that describe techniques specifically applicable to situations all references that have been assigned one of the specific involving community change. We also limited the references keywords within that subject heading. Forexample, underthe primarily to terrestrial ecosystems. The references on aquatic generalsubjectofREMOTESENSINGANDGIS,thegeneral systems were selected because oftheir applicability to issues search term is remote sensing. Ifyou are interested in remote and methodological problems that also occur in monitoring sensing and vegetation monitoring in general, a search using ofterrestrial vegetation. this keyword will access all literature related to remote sensing. Ifyou are interestedin only aerial photography, however, 1 your search would be much more effective if you used that Australian Journal ofBotany* specific keyword. Effective searching may also involve a Australian Journal ofEcology* combination ofkeywords. Australian Journal ofExperimental and Agricultural Keyword searches will often include papers that appear Animal Husbandry only peripherally relevant. This was deliberate on the part of AustralianJournal ofMarine andFreshwaterResearch the authors to ensure that all papers relatedto asubject would Australian Journal ofScientific Research result from a search. Australian Rangeland Journal The bibliography is arranged alphabetically by author with Biodiversity and Conservation a number assigned to each entry. It is that numberthat relates Biological Conservation* to the numbers in the "Keyword Index." Each entry in the Biological Journal ofthe Linnean Society ofLondon bibliography contains a citation, followed by an annotation Biologist (where completed), and then a list of keywords. Keywords Biometrical Journal are separated by a comma. References cited within annota- Biometrics tions can be found in the bibliography. Biometrika Management ofthe bibliographic data for this project was Bioscience facilitated by use ofProcite bibliographic software. All cita- Biotropica tionsandannotations wereenteredintoaPROCITEdatabase. Botanical Review ThisdatabaseisavailableineitherProcite2.0orASCIIformat Botany Review from the second author, who can be reached at: Bulletin ofMarine Science Bulletin ofthe Ecological Society ofAmerica* Forestry Sciences Laboratory Bulletin ofthe Torrey Botanical Club USDA Forest Service California Fish and Game P.O. Box 8089 Canadian Journal ofBotany* MT Missoula, 59807 Canadian Journal ofFisheries and Aquatic Sciences Canadian Journal ofForest Research* Journals List Canadian Journal ofForestry* Canadian Journal ofPlant Science* This is a comprehensive list ofjournals included in the Castanea bibliography. An asterix (*) indicates that aparticularjournal Conservation Biology* was searched in depth in compiling the bibliography. Ecological Applications* Ecological Bulletin Abstracta Botanica Ecological Modelling* Acta Botanica Neerlandica Ecological Monographs* Acta Stereologica Ecology* Agronomy Journal Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences Ambio Environment American Journal ofBotany Environment International American Journal ofEpidemiology Environmental Conservation American Midland Naturalist* Environmental Entomology American Naturalist* Environmental Impact Assessment Review American Scientist Environmental Management American Statistical Association Journal Environmental Management and Assessment American Statistician Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Annales Bontanici Fennici Environmental Research Annals ofBotany Environmental Science and Technology Annals ofMathematics and Statistics Estuaries Annual Review ofEcology and Systematics* Estuarine, Coastal and ShelfScience Aquatic Botany* Folia Foristalia Aquatic Conservation Forest Science* Arctic and Alpine Research Forest Science Monograph 3 Supplement Audubon Field Notes 1, Forestry 2 Forestry Chronicle Nature Conservancy News Forestry Commission Bulletin 108 New Phytologist Forestry Science New Zealand Agricultural Journal Geoderma New Zealand Ecological Society Proceedings Geology New Zealand Journal ofBotany* Grass and Forage Science New Zealand Journal ofEcology* Great Basin Naturalist* New Zealand Journal ofForestry Hortscience Nordic Journal ofBotany Hydrobiologia Northwest Science* International Journal ofRemote Sensing Oecologia* International Statistical Review Oikos* Israel Journal ofBotany Paleobiology Journal ofAgricultural Research Park Science Journal ofAgricultural Science Permanent Plotter: A Newsletter ofthe Ecological Journal ofthe American Statistical Association Society ofAmerica Journal ofApplied Ecology* Philosophical Transactions ofthe Royal Society of Journal ofArid Environments London B Journal ofBiogeography Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing Journal ofBotany* Physiology and Ecology Journal ofCoastal Research Phytocoenosis Journal ofEcology* Proceedings ofthe Grassland Society ofSouthern Journal ofEconomic Entomology Africa Journal ofEnvironmental and Economic Management Proceedings ofthe Indiana Academy ofScience Journal ofEnvironmental Management Proceedings ofthe New Zealand Ecological Society Journal ofEnvironmental Sciences Psychology Bulletin Journal ofExperimental Marine Biology and Ecology Rangeland Journal Journal ofForestry* Rangelands Journal ofRange Management* ReefResearch Journal ofSoil Conservation Remote Sensing ofthe Environment Journal ofTesting and Evaluation Restoration and Management Notes Journal ofthe Air Waste Management Association Restoration Ecology Journal ofthe American Society ofAgronomy Revista SELPER Journal ofthe American Statistical Association Science Journal ofthe British Grassland Society Search Journal ofthe Grassland Society ofSouthern Africa South African Journal ofWildlife Research Journal ofthe Marine Biological Association of The Southwestern Naturalist the United Kingdom Statistical Journal ofthe United Nations ECE Journal ofthe Royal Statistical Society Series A Technometrics Journal ofTheoretical Biology Trends Journal ofVegetation Science* Trends in Ecology and Evolution* Journal ofWildlife Management Unasylva Land Degradation and Rehabilitation U.S. Geological Survey Journal ofResearch Landscape and Urban Planning Vegetatio* Landscape Ecology* Water Research Marine Ecology Progress Series Water Resources Bulletin National Geographic Research WaterResources Research Natural Areas Journal* Western Journal ofApplied Forestry Nature Wildlife Society Bulletin 3 Keywords LANDSCAPE List landscape-level Keywords are arranged by general subject (all capitalized). Within each general subject, one or two keywords appear in biodiversity italics at the head of the list; these are general search terms. corridors Using ageneral search term will access all literature that has disturbance been assigned one of the more specific keywords listed in ecological processes regulartypeface. Effective searching may involvethe use ofa ecosystem combination ofkeywords. ecosystem management fragmentation GUIDANCE, EXAMPLES, OVERVIEWS functional groups habitat management monitoring overviews indicators agency guidance and policy landscape change agency plans landscape patterns general book on monitoring landscape planning monitoring definitions patch dynamics vegetation sampling overview pattern prescribed fire RELATED SUBJECTS regional planning restoration inventory scale TYPES OF MONITORING vegetation treatments generalexamples COMMUNITY monitoring examples community-level baseline monitoring community change ecological monitoring programs community classification environmental monitoring programs community comparisons global change monitoring community composition integrated monitoring community structure large-scale monitoring cover typing long-term ecological monitoring diversity indices SPECIAL SITES ecotones habitat mapping specialsites plant associations national parks species diversity natural areas species lists protected areas species richness reference areas succession wilderness vegetation mapping ECOSYSTEM TYPES OBJECTIVE SETTING monitoringandmanagement alpine aquatic objectives arctic adaptive management coniferous forest biological significance deciduous forest ecological models desert feedback loops forest interdisciplinary design grassland natural variability meadow predicting change rangeland resource management 4 riparian performance savanna photoplots shrub grassland photopoints shrubland releve wetland soils woodland specimen curation tools FIELD TECHNIQUES tree-ring analysis utilization fieldtechniques video technique comparison REMOTE SENSING AND GIS HELD TECHNIQUES: DENSITY remote sensing density aerial photography angle-order AVHRR distance methods GIS nearest neighbor GPS plotless methods Landsat point-center methods MSS random pairs TM variable plots SPOT wandering quarter STUDY DESIGN FIELD TECHNIQUES: COVER samplingdesign cover BACI basal area cluster sampling canopy cover data management charting detecting change cover classes experimental design line intercept permanent plots loop frames pilot study ocular estimation plot dimensions point frames plot selection point intercept power variable plots precision FIELD TECHNIQUES: PRODUCTION pseudoreplication random sampling production replication biomass sample size canopy volume stratified sampling double sampling systematic sampling dry-weight-rank two-stage sampling weight estimate Type I and Type II errors FIELD TECHNIQUES: OTHER ANALYSIS crown diameter analysis DBH ANOVA frequency Bayesian statistics heights bootstrap monumentation categorical data analysis nested frequency classification observer variability clustering 5 confidence intervals statistics overview covariance time series gradient analysis trend analysis graphical analysis jackknife INDIVIDUAL SPECIES MANOVA annuals multiple comparisons demographic techniques multivariate analysis exotics nonparametric statistics herbaceous species ordination rare species parametric statistics seedbank randomization tests seedling repeated measures analysis shrub similarity measures tree statistical interpretation 6