Vegetation, climate and environmental dynamics of the Black Sea/Northern Anatolian region ...

208 Pages·2013·14.65 MB·English

Vegetation, climate and environmental dynamics
of the Black Sea/Northern Anatolian region during the last 134 ka
obtained from palynological analysis

Dissertation
zur Erlangung des mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades
"Doctor rerum naturalium"
der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen

im Promotionsprogramm Biologie
der Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS)

vorgelegt von

Lyudmila Shumilovskikh
aus Kukushtan, Permskaya oblast‘, Russland

Göttingen, 2013

Betreuungsausschuss
Prof. Dr. Hermann Behling, Abteilung Palynologie und Klimadynamik, Albrecht-von-Haller
Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
Prof. Dr. Erwin Bergmeier, Abteilung Vegetationsanalyse und Phytodiversität, Albrecht-von-
Haller Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen

Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission
Referent
Prof. Dr. Hermann Behling, Abteilung Palynologie und Klimadynamik, Albrecht-von-Haller
Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
Korreferent
Prof. Dr. Erwin Bergmeier, Abteilung Vegetationsanalyse und Phytodiversität, Albrecht-von-
Haller Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
Weitere Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission
PD Dr. Dirk Gansert, Abteilung Pflanzenökologie und Ökosystemforschung, Albrecht-von-
Haller Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
Prof. Dr. Hans Ruppert, Abteilung Sedimentologie und Umweltgeologie,
Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
Prof. Dr. Edzo Veldkamp, Abteilung Ökopedologie der Tropen und Subtropen, Büsgen-
Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
Prof. Dr. Kerstin Wiegand, Abteilung Ökosystemmodellierung, Büsgen-Institut, Georg-
August-Universität Göttingen

Tag der mündlichen Prüfung
06.03.2013

Моей любимой семье
 Shumilovskikh
View of the Black Sea coast near Trabzon, showing sediment transport from land to sea
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 2
1. Background ......................................................................................................................... 2
2. Previous palaeostudies from the Black Sea and surrounding regions ................................ 4
2.1. Pleistocene evolution of the Black Sea basin .............................................................. 4
2.2. Pollen records from the Black Sea and surrounding regions ....................................... 6
2.3. Dinoflagellate cyst records from the Black Sea ......................................................... 10
3. Motivation and aims ......................................................................................................... 11
4. Study area ......................................................................................................................... 12
4.1. Oceanography ............................................................................................................ 13
4.2. Climatology ................................................................................................................ 16
4.3. Vegetation .................................................................................................................. 17
5. Material and methods ....................................................................................................... 19
5.1. Pollen, spores and non-pollen palynomorph analysis ................................................ 19
5.2. Organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst analysis .............................................................. 20
6. Outline of manuscripts and description of personal contribution..................................... 21
7. References ........................................................................................................................ 23
MANUSCRIPT 1 ..................................................................................................................... 38
Vegetation and environmental dynamics in the southern Black Sea region
since 18 kyr BP derived from the marine core 22-GC3
(L.S. Shumilovskikh, P. Tarasov, H.W. Arz, D. Fleitmann, F. Marret,
N. Nowaczyk, B. Plessen, F. Schlütz, H. Behling)
MANUSCRIPT 2 ..................................................................................................................... 84
Eemian and Holocene sea-surface conditions in the southern Black Sea:
organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst record from core 22-GC3
(L.S. Shumilovskikh, F. Marret, D. Fleitmann, H.W. Arz,
N. Nowaczyk, H. Behling)
MANUSCRIPT 3 ................................................................................................................... 118
Vegetation and environmental changes in Northern Anatolia between 134-119 ka
recorded in Black Sea sediments
(L.S. Shumilovskikh, H.W. Arz, A. Wegwerth, D. Fleitmann, F. Marret, N.
Nowaczyk, P.Tarasov, H. Behling)
MANUSCRIPT 4 ................................................................................................................... 147
Millennial-scale environmental variability during the last glacial
detected in pollen and dinocyst records from the SE Black Sea
(L.S. Shumilovskikh, H. Arz, N. Nowaczyk, D. Fleitmann,
A. Wegwerth, H. Behling)
MANUSCRIPT 5 ................................................................................................................... 164
Recent pollen distribution in Northern Anatolia and the SE Black Sea:
preliminary results
(L.S. Shumilovskikh, F. Schlütz, H. Behling)
SYNTHESIS .......................................................................................................................... 177
PERSPECTIVES .................................................................................................................... 182
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................... 183
APPENDIX 1.. ....................................................................................................................... 185
Complete pollen diagram (%) of the upper part of the core 22-GC3,
covering the last 18 ka
APPENDIX 2.. ....................................................................................................................... 187
Complete pollen diagram (%) of the cores 22-GC3/8, covering
the penultimate deglaciation and the Eemian during 134-119 ka BP
APPENDIX 3. ........................................................................................................................ 189
Complete pollen diagram (%) of the core 25-GC1, covering
the last glacial period during 64-25 ka BP
APPENDIX 4. ........................................................................................................................ 191
Complete pollen diagram (%) for surface samples,
collected in Northern Anatolia in 2011
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT 1
INTRODUCTION 2
1. Background 2
2. Previous palaeostudies from the Black Sea and surrounding regions 4
2.1. Pleistocene evolution of the Black Sea basin 4
2.2. Pollen records from the Black Sea and surrounding regions 6
2.3. Dinoflagellate cyst records from the Black Sea 10
3. Motivation and aims 11
4. Study area 12
4.1. Oceanography 13
4.2. Climatology 16
4.3. Vegetation 17
5. Material and methods 19
5.1. Pollen, spores and non-pollen palynomorph analysis 19
5.2. Organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst analysis 20
6. Outline of manuscripts and description of personal contribution 21
7. References 23
MANUSCRIPT 1 38
Vegetation and environmental dynamics in the southern Black Sea region
since 18 kyr BP derived from the marine core 22-GC3
(L.S. Shumilovskikh, P. Tarasov, H.W. Arz, D. Fleitmann, F. Marret,
N. Nowaczyk, B. Plessen, F. Schlütz, H. Behling)
MANUSCRIPT 2 84
Eemian and Holocene sea-surface conditions in the southern Black Sea:
organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst record from core 22-GC3
(L.S. Shumilovskikh, F. Marret, D. Fleitmann, H.W. Arz,
N. Nowaczyk, H. Behling)
MANUSCRIPT 3 118
Vegetation and environmental changes in Northern Anatolia between 134-119 ka
recorded in Black Sea sediments
(L.S. Shumilovskikh, H.W. Arz, A. Wegwerth, D. Fleitmann, F. Marret, N.
Nowaczyk, P.Tarasov, H. Behling)
MANUSCRIPT 4 147
Millennial-scale environmental variability during the last glacial
detected in pollen and dinocyst records from the SE Black Sea
(L.S. Shumilovskikh, H. Arz, N. Nowaczyk, D. Fleitmann,
A. Wegwerth, H. Behling)
MANUSCRIPT 5 164
Recent pollen distribution in Northern Anatolia and the SE Black Sea:
preliminary results
(L.S. Shumilovskikh, F. Schlütz, H. Behling)
SYNTHESIS 177
PERSPECTIVES 182
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 183
APPENDIX 1 185
Complete pollen diagram (%) of the upper part of the core 22-GC3,
covering the last 18 ka
APPENDIX 2 187
Complete pollen diagram (%) of the cores 22-GC3/8, covering
the penultimate deglaciation and the Eemian during 134-119 ka BP
APPENDIX 3 189
Complete pollen diagram (%) of the core 25-GC1, covering
the last glacial period during 64-25 ka BP
APPENDIX 4 191
Complete pollen diagram (%) for surface samples,
collected in Northern Anatolia in 2011