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Vegetarian Nutrition 8508_fm_frame Page 2 Friday, January 1, 1904 12:29 AM CRC SERIES IN MODERN NUTRITION Edited by Ira Wolinsky and James F. Hickson, Jr. Published Titles Manganese in Health and Disease, Dorothy J. Klimis-Tavantzis Nutrition and AIDS: Effects and Treatments, Ronald R. Watson Nutrition Care for HIV-Positive Persons: A Manual for Individuals and Their Caregivers, Saroj M. Bahl and James F. Hickson, Jr. Calcium and Phosphorus in Health and Disease, John J.B. Anderson and Sanford C. Garner Edited by Ira Wolinsky Published Titles Practical Handbook of Nutrition in Clinical Practice, Donald F. Kirby and Stanley J. Dudrick Handbook of Dairy Foods and Nutrition, Gregory D. Miller, Judith K. Jarvis, and Lois D. McBean Advanced Nutrition: Macronutrients, Carolyn D. Berdanier Childhood Nutrition, Fima Lifschitz Nutrition and Health: Topics and Controversies, Felix Bronner Nutrition and Cancer Prevention, Ronald R. Watson and Siraj I. Mufti Nutritional Concerns of Women, Ira Wolinsky and Dorothy J. Klimis-Tavantzis Nutrients and Gene Expression: Clinical Aspects, Carolyn D. Berdanier Antioxidants and Disease Prevention, Harinda S. Garewal Advanced Nutrition: Micronutrients, Carolyn D. Berdanier Nutrition and Women’s Cancers, Barbara Pence and Dale M. Dunn Nutrients and Foods in AIDS, Ronald R. Watson Nutrition: Chemistry and Biology, Second Edition, Julian E. Spallholz, L. Mallory Boylan, and Judy A. Driskell Melatonin in the Promotion of Health, Ronald R. Watson Nutritional and Environmental Influences on the Eye, Allen Taylor Laboratory Tests for the Assessment of Nutritional Status, Second Edition, H.E. Sauberlich Advanced Human Nutrition, Robert E.C. Wildman and Denis M. Medeiros Handbook of Dairy Foods and Nutrition, Second Edition, Gregory D. Miller, Judith K. Jarvis, and Lois D. McBean Nutrition in Space Flight and Weightlessness Models, Helen W. Lane and Dale A. Schoeller Eating Disorders in Women and Children: Prevention, Stress Management, and Treatment, Jacalyn J. Robert-McComb Childhood Obesity: Prevention and Treatment, Jana Pavrízková and Andrew Hills Alcohol and Coffee Use in the Aging, Ronald R. Watson Handbook of Nutrition in the Aged, Third Edition, Ronald R. Watson Vegetables, Fruits, and Herbs in Health Promotion, Ronald R. Watson Nutrition and AIDS, Second Edition, Ronald R. Watson Advances in Isotope Methods for the Analysis of Trace Elements in Man, Nicola Lowe and Malcolm Jackson Nutritional Anemias, Usha Ramakrishnan Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Robert E. C. Wildman The Mediterranean Diet: Constituents and Health Promotion, Antonia-Leda Matalas, Antonis Zampelas, Vassilis Stavrinos, and Ira Wolinsky Vegetarian Nutrition, Joan Sabaté Forthcoming Titles Tryptophan: Biochemicals and Health Implications, Herschel Sidransky Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Nutritional Supplements and Pharmaceuticals, Robert E. C. Wildman Insulin and Oligofructose: Functional Food Ingredients, Marcel B. Roberfroid Micronutrients and HIV Infection, Henrik Friis Nutrient–Gene Interactions in Health and Disease, Niama Moustaid-Moussa and Carolyn D. Berdanier Nutritional Aspects and Clinical Management of Chronic Diseases, Felix Bronner Vegetarian Nutrition Edited by Joan Sabaté in collaboration with Rosemary Ratzin-Turner CRC Press Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. 8508_fm_frame Page 6 Friday, January 1, 1904 12:29 AM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Vegetarian nutrition / Joan Sabaté, editor ; in collaboration with Rosemary Ratzin-Turner. p. cm.--(Modern nutrition) ISBN 0-8493-8508-3 1. Vegetarianism. I. Sabaté, Joan. II. Ratzin-Turner, Rosemary. III. Modern nutrition (Boca Raton, Fla.) RM236 . V43 2001 613.2′62—dc21 00-068871 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-8493-8508- 3/01/$0.00+$.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2001 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-8508-3 Library of Congress Card Number 00-068871 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper 8508_fm_frame Page 7 Friday, January 1, 1904 12:29 AM SERIES PREFACE FOR MODERN NUTRITION The CRC Series in Modern Nutrition is dedicated to providing the widest possible coverage of topics in nutrition. Nutrition is an interdisci- plinary, interprofessional field par excellence. It is noted by its broad range and diversity. We trust that the titles and authorship in this series will reflect that range and diversity. Published for a scholarly audience, the volumes in the CRC Series in Modern Nutrition are designed to explain, review, and explore present knowledge and recent trends, developments, and advances in nutrition. As such, they will also appeal to the educated general reader. The format for the series will vary with the needs of the author and the topic, including, but not limited to, edited volumes, monographs, handbooks, and texts. Contributors from any bona fide area of nutrition, including the con- troversial, are welcome. We welcome the contribution Vegetarian Nutrition, edited by Joan Sabaté with the collaboration of Rosemary Ratzin-Turner. There is a great deal of interest regarding vegetarianism as an alternate dietary pattern. This book discusses that issue in detail and will appeal to nutritionists, dietitians, physicians, students, and professionals in the health sciences and health services arenas. Ira Wolinsky, Ph.D. Series Editor University of Houston 8508_fm_frame Page 8 Friday, January 1, 1904 12:29 AM 8508_fm_frame Page 9 Friday, January 1, 1904 12:29 AM PREFACE From antiquity, vegetarian diets have been followed for a variety of reasons, albeit with widely differing nutritional outcomes. As a result, numerous scientific and professional questions have arisen. Currently, professional interest in vegetarian nutrition has reached unprecedented levels. This is only partly explained by the growing number of vegetarians and the increased popularity of vegetarian diets. As disease patterns shifted away from nutrient deficiencies and toward diet-related chronic diseases, vegetarian nutrition research also changed emphasis, and the benefits of vegetarian diets have begun to emerge. In the past 30 years, scientific endeavors in the area of vegetarian nutrition seem to have progressively shifted from investigating concerns held by nutritionists and other health professionals to a fertile area of investigation in which creative solutions for various medical conditions and preventive approaches to chronic diseases may be found. Despite this broadening shift in the focus and study of nutrition, current knowledge regarding the relationship between vegetarian diets and human health is far from complete. However, scientific advances made during the last few decades have noticeably changed the role of vegetarian diets and other diets largely based on plant foods in human nutrition and public health. This book on vegetarian nutrition is an attempt to summarize the large body of literature accumulated on the topic. Although most of the information presented in this book centers on the dietary practices of vegetarians, it has sweeping implications for the general population. In the past few years, scientific literature has exten- sively reported on the health effects of plant foods such as whole grains, legumes, vegetables, fruits, and nuts. Although they are essential compo- nents, these dietary factors are not unique to vegetarian diets. Thus, the information reviewed on plant foods and health has direct applications for all persons.
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