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ISBN 938954791-1 9 789389 547917 VEGETABLE CROPS BREEDING About the Author Professor Ravindra Mulge has more than 30 years of experience of teaching and research in vegetable breeding. He supervised more than dozen Ph. D. and more than 50 M. Sc. theses and published more than 100 research articles in national and international journals. He is member of half a dozen learned bodies in ‘India including Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding’, ‘Indian Academy of Horticultural Sciences’ and ‘Indian Society of Vegetable Science’. He is serving as Dean from the year 2016 at the College of Horticulture, Bidar which is the constituent college of the University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot in Karnataka. Dr Ravindra Mulge obtained M. Sc. (Horticulture) in Olericulture and Ph. D. in Horticulture from University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore and for his Ph. D. he worked at ICAR- Indian Institute of Horticultural Science, Bangalore. He joined ARS as Scientist in Indian Council of Agricultural Sciences during the year 1993 and received ‘Hari Om Ashram Trust Award’ for Agricultural Research for the biennium 1995-96 from ICAR. Dr Ravindra Mulge joined the services at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad as Assistant Professor of Vegetable Sciences at K.R.C. College of Horticulture, Arabhavi during the year 1997. He involved in UG and PG teaching in Vegetable breeding and carried out research work in vegetable crops and developed and released capsicum variety “Apoorva” as Principal Investigator and drumstick variety “Bhagya” and Cardamom variety “Avinash” (Rhizome rot resistant) as Co-Principal Investigator. He served as Professor and Head, Department of Vegetable Science at K.R.C. College of Horticulture, Arabhavi from 2010 to 2016. He guided 30 M. Sc. and three Ph. D. students in vegetable science as major advisor and published 129 research articles, 22 research notes, 56 abstracts, 27 popular articles and three chapters in edited books. VEGETABLE CROPS BREEDING Ravindra Mulge Dean College of Horticulture (University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India) Halladakeri Farm, Hyderabad Road Bidar 585 403, Karnataka, India ® NEW INDIA PUBLISHING AGENCY New Delhi – 110 034 ® NEW INDIA PUBLISHING AGENCY 101, Vikas Surya Plaza, CU Block, LSC Market Pitam Pura, New Delhi - 110 034, India Email: [email protected] Web: www.nipabooks.com For customer assistance, please contact Phone: + 91-11-27 34 17 17 Fax: + 91-11- 27 34 16 16 E-mail: [email protected] © 2021, Publisher ISBN : 978-93-89547-91-7 E ISBN : 978-93-90512-89-8 All rights reserved. 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INDIRESH Vice-Chancellor UHS, Udyanagiri Navanagar, Bagalkot-587 104 Foreword Our country is endowed with a diverse climate ranging from tropical to temperate that is possible to grow an array of horticultural crops in one or other parts of India. Among the horticulture crops, vegetables are easily accessible and cheaper sources of vitamins, minerals and other elements essential for human being. The role of vegetables in combating malnutrition and deficiency disorders in human being is well conceived now as days. Looking into the importance of vegetables, the breeding and genetics in general has remained neglected particularly in our country. Even though we are second largest producers in the world next to China, the domestic demand for vegetables will rise from 220 million tons to 375 million tons by 2033. There is a great need to bring more area under vegetable seed crops by adopting modern breeding technology especially temperate, tropical and sub- tropical types which have direct bearing for the improvement in socio economic status of farming community. The book Vegetable Crops Breeding may be of great utility and intend to be a better guide to students, teachers, research scientists, various seed companies, vegetable seed producers and farming community as whole who directly and indirectly are engaged in the seed trade and are responsible for the development of vegetable seed industry. I appreciate and congratulate Dr. Ravindra Mulge, Dean, College of Horticulture, Bidar in writing this book of immense value for all interested in breeding of vegetable crops. The theoretical and practical information contained in the form of different chapters on various aspects will be of great use to all interested. Place : UHS, Bagalkot (K.M. Indiresh) Date : 30.11.2019 Vice Chancellor v Preface Vegetables are important constituents of our healthy diet and provide more profits to the growers. Crop improvement is the most satisfying method of increasing the productivity of any crop. With the experience of teaching vegetable breeding to graduate and post graduate students for more than fifteen years and involvement in developing few varieties of vegetable crops and serving as Professor and Head of the Department of Vegetable Science, idea of bringing out a book was conceived and started compiling notes during all these years. Listing of references is not exhaustive to avoid bulkiness of the book where information is presented in very comprehensive manner. Production and consumption of vegetables has expanded greatly. Improved varieties have had a main role in the increase in yield and quality of vegetable crops. The diversity of vegetable crops is appalling and greatly contributed to increased production and consumption of vegetables world over. For improvement of crops information on origin, distribution and evolution of crop and its related species is very essential. Information on genetics and genetic resources is prerequisite to choose the appropriate breeding strategies to fulfill the objectives. Objectives of breeding vary with region and also purpose for which the product is used i.e., for fresh market, for processing or dual purpose and how the crop is grown i.e., under protection, open field cultivation or kitchen garden etc. Depending on the objectives and genetic resources, breeding methods or procedures can be adopted and it will results in useful varieties or hybrids. Information on breeding of vegetables crops is covered in very abridged form. More number of crops covered in this book by appending and updating information on genetics, genetic resources, breeding methods/procedures and varieties developed in each of the 26 vegetable crops wherever information is available. Origin and evolution, genetic resources, genetics of fruits, breeding methods and varieties/hybrids developed is the sequence followed in presenting the information on each of the crops. It can be the reference book for teachers and graduate and post graduate students in Vegetable Science or Horticulture or Agriculture. I am thankful to Dr. Parvati Pujar and Mrs. Neelambika and others who helped in editing this manuscript. Author Contents Foreword ................................................................................................ v Preface.................................................................................................. vii Introduction to Vegetable Crop Breeding.......................................... xv 1. Tomato ....................................................................................................1 Origin and Distribution...................................................................................1 Evolution of Tomato ......................................................................................3 Reproduction biology.....................................................................................4 Genetic Resources.........................................................................................5 Breeding History.............................................................................................5 Germplasm Resources.................................................................................11 Breeding Methods ........................................................................................13 Methods of Hybrid Seed Production ...........................................................15 Environmental Stress Resistance.................................................................22 Breeding Achievements................................................................................24 2. Brinjal.................................................................................................... 29 Botany..........................................................................................................29 Genetic Diversity .........................................................................................30 Germplasm...................................................................................................30 Genetic Resources.......................................................................................30 Breeding Methods ........................................................................................32 Different Breeding Methods Studied for Efficiency....................................33 Salient Breeding Achievements ....................................................................36 3. Pepper...................................................................................................40 Origin ...........................................................................................................40 Characters for Identification........................................................................41 Breeding for Horticultural Characters..........................................................44 Methods of Breeding....................................................................................47 Breeding for Disease Resistance..................................................................50 Virus Screening Techniques.........................................................................52 Breeding for Insect Resistance....................................................................53 Breeding Achievements................................................................................53