Vasopressin: Principles and Properties PDF
Preview Vasopressin: Principles and Properties
Vasopressin Principles and Properties Vasopressin Principles and Properties EDITED BY DON MARSHALL GASH University oj Rochester Medical Center Rochester, New York AND GERARD J. BOER Netherlands Institute Jor Brain Research Amsterdam, The Netherlands PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Vasopressin: principles and properties. Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Vasopressin. I. Gash, Don M. 1945- . II. Boer, Gerard J. [DNLM: 1. Vasopressins- physiology. WK 520 V3346] QP572.V3V38 1987 612'.492 87-14209 ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-8131-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-8129-1 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8129-1 © 1987 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 18t edition 1987 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Contributors PAUL F. ARAVICH, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642 WILLIAM E. ARMSTRONG, Department of Anatomy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163 KRZYSZTOF BANKOWSKI, Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio 43699; and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland G. J. BOER, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, 1105 AZ Amsterdam ZO, The Netherlands R. M. BUlJs, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, 1105 AZ Amsterdam ZO, The Netherlands J. PETER H. BURBACH, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Pharmacology, University of Utrecht, 3521 GD Utrecht, The Netherlands D. B. CHAPMAN, Department of Human Anatomy, Oxford OX 1 3QX, England ALLEN W. COWLEY, JR., Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 E. FLIERS, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, 1105 AZ Amsterdam ZO, The Netherlands DON M. GASH, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy and Center for Brain Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642 GEORGE A. HEDGE, Department of Physiology, West Virginia University Medical Center, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 JAMES P. HERMAN, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy and Center for Brain Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642 J. E. HOOGENDIJK, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, 1105 AZ Amsterdam ZO, The Netherlands LINDA J. HUFFMAN, Department of Physiology, West Virginia University Medical Center, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 M. JOELS, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Pharmacology, University of Utrecht, 3521 GD Utrecht, The Netherlands JELLEMER JOLLES, Department of Neuropsychology and Psychobiology, Clinical Psychiatry, State University of Maastricht, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands v VI Contributors JEAN-FRANCOIS LIARD, Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 MAURICE MANNING, Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio 43699 J. F. MORRIS, Department of Human Anatomy, Oxford OX1 3QX, England WILLIAM G. NORTH, Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03756 WILBUR H. SAWYER, Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Sur geons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 CELIA D. SLADEK, Department of Neurology and Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester, School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642 JOHN R. SLADEK, JR., Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642 H. W. SOKOL, Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03756 D. F. SWAAB, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, 1105 AZ Amsterdam ZO, The Netherlands GARTH J. THOMAS, Center for Brain Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642 HEINZ VALTIN, Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03756 FRED W. VAN LEEUWEN, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, 1105 AZ Amsterdam ZO, The Netherlands J. B. WAKERLEY, Department of Anatomy, The Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1T D, England Preface The concept for Vasopressin: Principles and Properties originated during the sum mer of 1983. From reviewing the rich and diverse literature on vasopressin, it became evident that the rapid advancements in this field made it difficult to syn thesize the information gathered from divergent scientific disciplines into a coherent view of the biological role of vasopressin. We perceived the need for a series of critical reviews delineating this recent progress. Over the past decade, major advances have been made in studies of the anatomy, physiology, phar macology, molecular biology, and behavioral activities of vasopressin. This is, in no small measure, due to the finding that vasopressin can no longer be regarded solely as a neurohypophysial hormone. Our present knowledge is that vasopressin also has an axonal messenger role in the nervous system and is synthesized in sites outside of the brain, although the functions of vasopressin in these periph eral sites are not well understood. In order to prepare an overview of vasopressin concentrating on recent studies in vertebrates, authors were selected based on their expertise and asked to review their research area, including the work from other laboratories. It was our intent to provide an updated definitive reference which would complement and extend such past texts as Neurohypophysial Hor mones and Similar Polypeptides (Handbook ofE xperimental Pharmacology, Vol ume XXIII, 1968) and The Pituitary Gland and Its Neuroendocrine Control (Handbook of Physiology, Section 7: Volume IV, 1974). The task of compiling this volume has been time consuming but truly enjoy able. Each chapter has undergone an extensive review process by the editors, often in consultation with additional referees. It has been a pleasure to work with the authors, and we believe that each chapter reflects their outstanding scholar ship. In addition, we thank Kirk Jensen, Mary Phillips Born, and Liz Geller of Plenum Press for their patience and assistance. We hope that this volume will prove to be of significant value to present and future investigators interested in the principles and properties of vasopressin. Don Marshall Gash Gerard J. Boer Rochester and Amsterdam VII Contents Chapter 1 Anatomy and Function of the Classic Vasopressin-Secreting Hypothalamus-Neurohypophysial System J. F. MORRIS, D. B. CHAPMAN, AND H. W. SOKOL 1. Introduction. . . .......... . 2. Anatomy of the Hypothalamus-Neurohypophysial Vasopressin System .............. . 2 2.1. Early Studies ........................... . 2 2.2. Vasopressin and Oxytocin Production in Separate Neurons 3 2.3. Location of Neurons That Are the Source of Systemic Vasopressin 4 2.4. Cytoarchitecture of Magnocellular Vasopressin Neurons ........ . 5 2.5. Function-Associated Changes in Magnocellular Neurons 12 3. Colocalization of Peptides in Vasopressinergic Neurons . . . .. . ..... . 13 4. Cell Biology of Magnocellular Vasopressin Secretion .............. . 16 4.1. Synthesis and Packaging of Vasopressin . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 16 4.2. Storage and Release of Vasopressin. . .. . .............. . 30 4.3. Role of Lysosomes in Magnocellular Neurons 42 5. Non-neuronal Elements and Neurosecretion ........... . 45 5.1. Hypothalamic Glial Cells and Neural Lobe Pituicytes .. 45 5.2. Blood Vessels ................................ . 47 6. Control of the Activity of Vasopressin Neurons. 47 6.1. Introduction and Technical Considerations ... 47 6.2. Long-Fiber Tract Afferents . . . . . . . . ..... . 48 6.3. Local Circuits in the Control of Vasopressin Neurons .. 58 6.4. Plasticity of the Synaptic Input to Magnocellular Neurons 60 6.5. Osmoreception: Are Vasopressin Neurons Osmoreceptors? 61 6.6. Other Nonsynaptic Inputs to Vasopressin Neurons. 63 6.7. Control of Vasopressin Release in the Neural Lobe ............ . 63 7. Conclusions 64 References 65 IX x Contents Chapter 2 Vasopressin Localization and Putative Functions in the Brain R. M. BUIJS 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 2. Vasopressin: From Hormone to Neurotransmitter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 3. Origin of the Vasopressinergic Fibers in the Brain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 3.1. Paraventricular and Supraoptic Nucleus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 3.2. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 3.3. Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis ......................... 99 3.4. Other Cell Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 100 4. Sexually Dimorphic Vasopressin Innervation of the Brain . . . . . . . . . .. 101 5. Putative Functions of Vasopressin in the Central Nervous System. . . .. 102 5.1. Parave~tricular Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 105 5.2. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 105 5.3. Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis and Medial Amygdala ...... 106 6. Coupling of Central and Peripheral Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 107 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 109 Chapter 3 Development of Vasopressin Systems and Their Functions G. J. BOER 1. Introduction... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 117 2. Ontogeny of the Vasopressin Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 118 2.1. Hypothalamus-Neurohypophysial System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 119 2.2. Paraventricular-Hypophysial Portal System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 134 2.3. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 135 2.4. Other Exo- and Extrahypothalamic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13 7 3. Fetal Hypothalamic Grafting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 143 3.1. Magnocellular Neurons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 145 3.2. Parvocellular Neurons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 148 4. Ontogeny of Hormonal Vasopressin Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 150 4.1. Osmoregulatory Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 151 4.2. Cardiovascular Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 154 4.3. Corticotropic Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 156 4.4. Liver Glucogenolytic Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 158 5. Circadian Rhythm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 158 6. Vasopressin: An Early Trophic Factor? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 159 7. Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 163 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 164 Contents Xl Chapter 4 Biosynthesis of Vasopressin and Neurophysins WILLIAM G. NORTH 1. Structural Features of Products Secreted by Vasopressin Neurons. . . .. 176 2. Structure of Preprovasopressin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 180 3. Post-translational Modification of Preprovasopressin ............... 186 4. Regulation of Vasopressin Biosynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 198 5. Production of Vasopressin and Neurophysins by Small-Cell Carcinoma of the Lung. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 References ............... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Chapter 5 Electrophysiology of the Central Vasopressin System J. B. W AKERLEY 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .............. 211 2. Methodological Considerations .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 213 2.1. Experimental Preparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 213 2.2. Recording Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 214 2.3. Cell Identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 3. General Electrophysiological Properties of Magnocellular Cells . . . . . .. 218 3.1. Resting Membrane Potentials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 218 3.2. Synaptic Potentials .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 219 3.3. Action Potentials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 219 3.4. Responses to Antidromic Stimulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 221 4. Distinctive Electrophysiologica1 Properties of Magnocellu1ar Vasopressin Cells: The Phasic Firing Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 222 4.1. Parameters of Phasic Firing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 224 4.2. Cellular Specificity of the Phasic Firing Pattern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 224 4.3. Endogenous Control of Phasic Firing ........................ 225 4.4. Role of Extraneous Input in the Control of Phasic Firing . . . . . . .. 228 5. Electrophysiological Responses Associated with the Afferent Control of Magnocellular Vasopressin Neurons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 228 5.1. Effects of Osmotic Stimuli ................................. 228 5.2. Hemorrhage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 233 5.3. Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptor Activation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 234 5.4. Activation of Atrial Stretch Receptors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 235 5.5. Afferent Integration of Hemodynamic Stimuli ................ , 235 6. Electrical Activity and Hormonal Release in Magnocellular Vasopressin Neurons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 237 6.1. Events in the Exocytotic Release Process ..................... 237 XlI Contents 6.2. Facilitation and Fatigue: Significance of Phasic Firing in the Release Process .................................... . 238 6.3. Coordination of Release between Vasopressin Cells ........ . 240 6.4. Control at the Level of the Neurosecretory Terminal .... . 241 7. Electrophysiology of Extrahypothalamic Vasopressinergic Pathways 242 7.1. Antidromic Identification and Electrophysiological Characteristics ..................................... . 242 7.2. Electrophysiological Responses and Mechanisms for Release in Central Vasopressin Pathways ............................. . 244 7.3. Electrophysiology ofParvocellular Vasopressin Neurons in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus . . . . . . . .............. . 245 8. Conclusions ..... . 247 References ...... . 248 Chapter 6 Electrophysiological Actions of Vasopressin in Extrahypothalamic Regions of the Central Nervous System M. JOELS 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . .......... . 257 2. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ . 258 2.1. Administration of Peptide .......... . 258 2.2. Recording of Peptide Effects ........ . 259 3. Electroencephalography ......... . ...... . 260 4. Single-Unit Activity ............ . 262 4.1. In Vivo Investigations. . . . . . . ...... . 262 4.2. In Vitro Investigations ............ . 265 5. Evaluation of the Various Effects ............ . 270 References ........................ . 272 Chapter 7 Effect of Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides on Vasopressin Release CELIA D. SLADEK AND WILLIAM E. ARMSTRONG 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 2. Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides in SON. . . . . 277 2.1. Acetylcholine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 2.2. Norepinephrine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 278 2.3. Dopamine ........................................... 281
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