Vascular Wilt Diseases of Plants: Basic Studies and Control PDF
Preview Vascular Wilt Diseases of Plants: Basic Studies and Control
Vascular Wilt Diseases of Plants Basic Studies and Control NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and Kluwer Academic Publishers Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London D Behavioural and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Springer-Verlag Systems Sciences Berlin Heidelberg New York G Ecological Sciences London Paris Tokyo H Cell Biology Series H: Cell Biology Vol. 28 Vascular Wilt Diseases of Plants Basic Studies and Control Edited by E.C. Tjamos Agricultural University of Athens Laboratory of Phytopathology 11855 Votanikos, Athens, Greece C. H. Beckman University of Rhode Island Department of Plant Sciences Kingston, RI 02881-0804, USA Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on The Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Factors in the Development of Vascular Wilt Diseases of Plants, held at Cape Sounion, Athens, Greece, May 22-27, 1988 ISBN -13: 978-3-642-73168-6 e-ISBN -13 978-3-642-73166-2 001: 10.1007/978-3-642-73166-2 Library 01 Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Interaction 01 Genetic and Environmental Factors in the Developmentol VascularWill Diseases 01 Plants (1988: Athens, Greece) Vascular will diseases 01 plants : basic studies and control / edited by E. C Tjamos. C. H. Beckman. p. cm.-(NATO ASI series. Series H, Cell biology; vol. 28) "Published in cooperation with NATO Scientilic Affairs Division." "Proceedings 01 the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Interaction 01 Genetic and Environmental Factors in the Development olVascular Will Diseases of Plants, held at Cape Sounion, Athens, Greece, May 22-27, 1988"-Verso t.p. Includes index. 1. Will diseases-Congresses. 2. Fungi, Phytopathogenic-Control-Congresses. 3. Bacteria, Phytopatho- genic-Control-Congresses. I. Tjamos, E C .. 1943- 11. Beckman, Carl H. 111. North Allantic Treaty Organization. Scientilic Affairs Division. IV. Tille. V. Series. SB741 W44N37 1988 632' .32-dc 20 89-6357 This work is subjectto copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part 01 the material is concerned, specifically the rights 01 translation, reprinting, re-use 01 illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in otherways, and storage in data banks. Duplication ofthis publication or parts thereol is only permitted under the provisions 01 the German Copyright Law 01 September 9, 1965, in its version 01 June 24, 1985, and a copyright lee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act 01 the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1989 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1989 2131/3140-543210-Printed on acid-Iree paper PREFACE This book is a collection of papers presented at a NATO Ad vanced Research Workshop held at Cape Sounion, Greece, in May of 1988. The primary objectives of the workshop were to bring toge ther researchers who are involved in studies of vascular disea ses of plants caused by bacterial and fungal pathogens, and whose primary involvement and approaches range from the ecological to the organismal, cellular and molecular. It was anticipated that the kind of interaction that would occur in an intimate meeting of several days duration, such as a NATO Workshop offers, would produce a broader appreciation and understanding of various as pects of wilt diseases, new levels of collaboration and, in the longer term, a more sound and broad base of measures for practi cal disease control. In all, eighteen lectures and twenty-seven research papers were presented. The first day was devoted to the life cycles of the pathogens, their colonization of root surfaces, entry into roots, and colonization of the vascular systems of plants. The second day was devoted to recognition phenomena, structural chan ges and physiological and biochemical interactions by which the plant defends itself and those by which the pathogen counters these processes and causes disease. On day three, these studies were carried to the genetic and molecular levels of understan ding, principally for bacteria, but with exciting progress and prospects with fungi as well. Day four began the process of inte grating these understandings with physical and biological compo nents of the environment in ecological terms. Finally, day five was devoted to discussing comprehensive systems of control in light of the understandings gained during the week. The workshop was successful in its intended purpose of enhan- VI cing confluent thought at the ecological, organismal and mole cular levels and, indeed, several collaborative ventures that cross these disciplinary lines were agreed upon or are being explored. For example, the use of immunohistochemistry has al lowed far more precise studies of the colonization of epidermal and cortical tissues by species of Fusarium and Verticillium. The question arises, can these techniques not also be used to examine the colonization of roots by competing organisms found in suppressive soils with or without chemical additives, inclu ding fertilizers, that may enhance or reduce apparent suppres siveness? Again, colonization of epidermal and cortical tissues of roots by these species is commonplace and general along cer tain portions of roots, yet successful vascular colonization leading to apparent disease is a relatively rare event in compa rison. Either suitable vascular infection courts or the conditi ons suitable for vascular infection must be of rare occurence. Can immunohistochemical procedures be used to help identify those places and conditions under which infection can take place, and if so, can we take steps to further reduce the frequency of suc cessful vascular infection and colonization by pathogenic forms? Can genetic factors within the host that contribute to the rarity of such an event also be enhanced? Can the use of agronomic pro cedures to reduce the likelihood of such infection events be used to protect major gene resistance from evolving races of the pathogen and thus prolong the effective time span of their use fulness? It is with these kinds of questions in mind that we ask the reader to approach this book. The organization and the successful running of an ARW would be impossible without the help of many colleagues and assistants but we can name a few. We express our thanks to Prof. L. Sequeira and Dr. P. Talboys for their involvement in the initial stages of the organization of the meeting. We are also indebted to Prof. J. DeVay, Prof. G. Pegg, Prof. A. Matta, Prof. J. Louvet, Dr. C. Alabouvette and Dr. P. Psallidas for their valuable advice during the organization of the Workshop. Special thanks are due to the chairpeople who so successfuly chaired the sessions. We thank Prof. C. Panagopoulos, the President of the Hellenic Phy- VII topathological Society for his welcome address with which he opened the Workshop. We also thank Miss Asteria Karadimas for preparing the excellent typescripts from which this volume was copied. On behalf of those who participated, profited from and enjoyed this exceptional kind of scientific meeting, we wish to thank the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO for sponsoring the Work shop and for the financial grant that allowed the participants to gather from great distances and spend several fruitful days together in a setting so conducive to the process of exchange and understanding, and particularly to Dr. Graig Sinclair of the Division for his encouragement and advice about the Workshop du ring all stages from its conception to its fruition. Spring 1989 E.C. Tjamos C.H. Beckman CONTENTS LIFE CYCLES OF PATHOGENS, COLONIZATION OF HOSTS AND PATHOGENESIS Dynamics of Colonization of Plant Roots by Verticillium dahliae and other fungi •••••••••••••••••• O.C. Huisman and J.S. Gerik Colonization of the Vascular System of Plants by Fungal Wilt Pathogens: A Basis for Modeling the Interactions between Host and Parasite in Time and Space •••••••••••••.•••••••••••••• 19 C.H. Beckman Host Colonization and Pathogenesis in Plant Diseases Caused by Fastidious Xylem-Inha- bi ting Bacteria....................................... 33 M.J. Davis Pathogenesis in Vascular Diseases of Plants ••••••••••••..•. 51 G.F. Pegg Biology and Host-Parasite Relations of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici •••••.•••••••••.•• 95 Nicole Benhamou, P.-M. Charest and W.R. Jarvis Diagnosis of Bacterial Infections by Immunological Methods .••..•.•...........•••.•••.•.•••..••.•••.••..•• 107 A,. Sletten Colonization and Pathogenesis in Chickpeas Infected by Races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri •••••••••• 113 R.M. Jim~nez-Diaz, Maria J. Basallote-Ureba and and Hava Rapoport x Current Status of Verticillium Wilt of Cotton in Southern Spain: Pathogen Variation and population in Soil.................................... 123 M.A. Blanco-Lopez, J. Bejarano Alcazar, J.M. Malero-Vera and R.M. Jimenez-Diaz A Leaf Injection Technique for the Enhancement of Low populations of Clavibacter michiga- nensis subsp. sepedonicus ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 133 A.S. Alivizatos Sources and Pathways of Contamination of Potatoes by Soft Rot Erwinias in Scotland •••••••••••••••••••••• 143 M.C.M. Perombelon and L.J. Hyman RECOGNITION AND RESPONSE BETWEEN HOST AND PARASITE AS DETERMI NANTS IN RESISTANCE AND DISEASE DEVELOPMENT Recognition and Response between Host and Parasite as Determinants in Resistance and Disease Development •••••.•• 153 e .•••••••••••••••••••••••••• C.H. Beckman Secondary Metabolites Produced in Resistant and Susceptible Host Plants in Response to Fungal Vascular Infection ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 163 M.E. Mace Induced Resistance to Fusarium wilt Diseases ••••••••••••••• 175 A. Matta Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms in Host Resistance and Susceptibility to Wilt Pathogens........................................ 197 J.E. DeVay Exopolysaccharides Produced by Pseudomonas ·solanacearum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 219 D. Trigalet-Demery XI Cross Protection among Strains of Verticillium dahliae on Sunflower .................................. 229 Doris Price and W.E. Sackston Accumulation of Phytoalexins in Susceptible and Resistant Near-Isogenic Lines of Tomato Inoculated with Verticillium albo-atrum or' Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici ••••••••••••••••• 237 D.M. Elgersma and J.I. Liem Fusarium Wilt of Oil Palm: Transmission, Isolate Variation, Resistance................................. 247 R.M. Cooper, J. Flood and R. Mepsted GENETIC AND MOLECULAR BASES FOR RESISTANCE OR SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE HOST AND VIRULENCE OR AVIRULENCE OF THE PARASITE Implications of Genetic/Molecular Evidence with Respect to Virulence/Avirulence of Fungal Wilt Pathogens ..................•.•................... 259 J.B. Heale Molecular Bases for Virulence and Avirulence of Fungal Wilt Pathogens................................. 277 N.K. Van Alfen Virulence and Avirulence of Bacterial Pathogens and Designation of Races •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 291 A. Trigalet Organization and Expression of the hrp Gene Cluster in Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola .......................................... 303 L. Rahme, M. Mindrinos, C. Grimm, R. Frederick, P. Lindgren and N. Panopoulos The Analysis of Verticillium Strain Relationship ••••••••••• 315 A.C. Hastie
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