Vascular Ultrasound PDF
Preview Vascular Ultrasound
Springer Japan KK y. Saijo, A.F.W. van der Steen (Eds.) Vascular Ultrasound With 156 Figures, Including 28 in Color Yoshifumi Saijo, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Medical Engineering and Cardiology Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan Antonius Franciscus Wilhelmus van der Steen, Ph.D. Thorax Center, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands ISBN 978-4-431-68003-1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Vascular Ultrasound I [edited by] Y. Saijo, A.F. W. van der Steen. p.;cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-4-431-68003-1 ISBN 978-4-431-67871-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-67871-7 1. Blood-vessels--Ultrasonic imaging. 1. Saijo, Y. (Yoshifumi), 1962-II. Steen, A. F. W. van der (Antonius Franciscus Wilhelmus), 1964- [DNLM: 1. Cardiovascular Diseases--ultrasonography. 2. Ultrasonography, Interventional--methods. WG 141 V331 2003] RC691.6.U47V3752003 616.1 '307543--dc22 2003057290 Printed on acid-free paper © Springer Japan 2003 Originally published by Springer-Veriag Tokyo in 2003 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 2003 This work is subject to copyright. Ali rights are reserved, whether the whole or part ofthe material is concemed, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of i\1ustrations, recitation, broadcast ing, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. The use ofregistered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for infonnation about drug dosage and applica tion thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other phannaceuticalliterature. Typesetting: Camera-ready by the editors and authors SPIN: \0855423 To those who inspired us Motonao Tanaka Klaas Born And to our families Terumi Naoya Fumika Minjon Inez OUf yet-to-be-born child Foreword I have been asked to write a short foreword to this book. As a matter of fact the two editors have nicely and candidly introduced themselves and their book in their preface, to which I have little to add. It is true that the format and the content of this monograph differ in many aspects from those of a conventional "textbook ofIVUS." Not only is this monograph a glimpse into the future, but many of the chapters have been written by bioengineers, deeply involved in the clinical field. The motto of this monograph could be "High tech of the future, but down to Earth." I believe that this quite unique monograph will be an eye-opener for many interventional cardiologists who should pay attention to some of the new developments and IVUS tools, which are going to playa pivotal role in the assessment of new physio-pathology of the coronary and peripheral vasculature and circulation. I can only commend the two editors and their coauthors for their remarkable achievement. Their work will be appreciated by the readers of this book, whatever their discipline. Patrick W. Serruys, M.D., Ph.D., FACC, FESC Professor in Interventional Cardiology Thorax Center Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands VII Preface About Ton: It was October 1993 in Innsbruck, Austria, that Dr. van der Steen and 1 first met each other at the 8th Congress of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB). At that time, we presented two different papers on acoustic microscopy in the same session. After the session with some constructive discussions and comments, he might have said to me, "I am going to the department of cardiology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam." As my understanding of English conversation was poor (it is not at all excellent even now), 1 misunderstood him to be a cardiologist with great knowledge of ultrasound engineering. This really great "cardiologist" made me study very hard about ultrasound engineering and signal processing besides my clinical activities in cardiology, especially coronary interventional therapy and echocardiography, ever since that meeting. Yoshifumi Saijo About Yoshi: When 1 started to work on acoustic microscopy of biological tissue, 1 found out that there was a group in Sendai, Japan, that was doing seminal work in this field. My admiration grew for the technical development that they had achieved. By the time I first met somebody from the Sendai group, 1 had done extensive studies on the effects of tissue preparation. During a session at the EFSUMB in 1993 in which Dr. Saijo presented, my criticism of his handling of tissue was more aggressive than I had intended. To my surprise J had a very pleasant discussion with him after the session. Since that date 1 have been running into him at all the technical ultrasound conferences. When 1 asked him years later why he attended all those meetings and how he could cope with simultaneously running a cardiology practice and keeping up with engineering, his reply was simply: "You can do it, so why shouldn't I?" It was only then that 1 realized that he had thought that 1 was a cardiologist as well. Ton van der Steen IX x Around the beginning of this century the editors started realizing that a cardiologist working in basic ultrasonics and an engineer in applied physics, working in a clinical cardiology setting, may be able to bridge the gap between fundamental ultrasonics and clinical application. It was the beginning of the idea of publishing this international and interdisciplinary monograph entitled Vascular Ultrasound. Over the last decades, percutaneous coronary intervention therapy has developed dramatically, and the number of cases has nearly doubled year by year. Besides percutaneous balloon angioplasty, "new devices" for interventional therapy such as the cutting balloon, directional coronary atherectomy, and stents, being bare, radioactive, or drug coated, have become clinically available. Also, the scale of diagnostic devices has been extended continuously. Coronary angiography using X-ray was the main diagnostic method in the age of classical coronary intervention. In the late 1980s, coronary angioscopy was clinically applied first as a new imaging device, although it was not successful around that period because it only visualized the surface morphology of the arterial wall. The clinical significance of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) was first reported in 1989. It has advantages over angiography and angioscopy because IVUS can visualize and assess the pathology beneath the surface of coronary arteries. Today, IVUS has achieved its position as a useful clinical tool to measure both the inner and outer diameter of coronary arteries and the expansion of the stent to the arterial wall. In the field of vascular biology, the concept that inflammation plays an important role in the progression of atherosclerosis has become very popular. Development of molecular biology together with classical pathology has proven this concept in vitro. Acute myocardial infarction was believed to be the end stage of severe narrowing of the coronary arteries. In 1985 Dr. MJ. Davies and Dr. E. Falk reported independently the epoch-making discovery that plaque rupture was the main cause of acute coronary syndrome, and that the plaque that ruptures usually is not the most narrowing or culprit lesion. Not only the autopsy specimen, but also clinical findings have shown that plaque rupture leads to acute myocardial infarction. The great progress of vascular biology in the 1990s finally made clinical cardiologists believe that inflammation and its relation to plaque rupture are the main cause of acute coronary syndrome, initiating the hunt for the "vulnerable plaque". This book contains five sections. In the first section a pathologist, a cardiologist, and a vascular surgeon disclose their wish list with regards to vascular ultrasound. In the second section the current technical potential of IVUS is illustrated. The third section describes clinical applications ofIVUS, including diagnosis, therapy guidance, and vulnerable plaque detection. In the final sections, carotid ultrasound scanning is addressed, followed by low-and high-frequency acoustic microscopy of vascular tissue. XI The editors intend this monograph to introduce novel techniques to medical doctors and researchers in the field of medical ultrasound, thus narrowing the gap between fundamental and clinically applied vascular ultrasound. Yoshifumi Saijo, M.D., Ph.D. Cardiologist Department of Medical Engineering and Cardiology Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer Tohoku University Sendai, Japan Antonius Franciscus Wilhelmus van der Steen, Ph.D. Professor in Biomedical Engineering in Cardiology Thorax Center Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands Contents Foreword .......................................................................................................... VII Preface ................................................................................................................ IX Part 1: Introduction to Vascular Ultrasound What Do Cardiologists Want from Vascular Ultrasound? H. KANEDA, Y. HONDA, P.G. YOCK, and PJ. FITZGERALD ................................................ 3 What Pathologists Want from Vascular Ultrasound G. P ASTERKAMP and E. F ALK ........................................................................................ 28 What Vascular Surgeons Want from Vascular Ultrasound M.R.H.M. VAN SAMBEEK and H. VAN URK ................................................................... 44 Part 2: The Technical Potential of IVUS History and Principles N. BaM, A.F.W. VAN DER STEEN, and C.T. LANCEE ...................................................... 51 High Frequency IVUS T.-J. TEO ...................................................................................................................... 66 Quantitative IVUS Flow Estimation A.F.W. VAN DER STEEN, F.A. LUPOTTI, F. MASTIK, E.!. CESPEDES, S.G. CARLIER, W. LI, P.W. SERRUYS, and N. BaM .............................................................................. 79 Intravascular Elastography: From Idea to Clinical Tool C.L. DE KORTE, F. MASTIK, IA. SCHAAR, P.w. SERRUYS, andA.F.W. VAN DER STEEN ........ 91 3D ICUS N. BRUINING, R. HAMERS, P.w. SERRUYS, and IR.T.C. ROELANDT ............................. 106 Coronary 3-D Angiography, 3-D Ultrasound and Their Fusion CJ. SLAGER, II WENTZEL, IC.H. SCHUURBIERS, IA.F. OOMEN, FJ.H. GUSEN, R. KRAMS, WJ. VAN DER GIESSEN, P.W. SERRUYS, and PJ. DE FEYTER ........................ 121 Shear Stress and the IVUS Derived Vessel Wall Thickness II WENTZEL, C. CHENG, R. DE CRaM, N. STERGIOPULOS, P.W. SERRUYS, CJ. SLAGER, and R. KRAMS ....................................................................................... 148 XIII XIV Part 3: Clinical Applications of IVUS What Have We Learned from 10 Years Peripheral Intravascular Ultrasound? E.1. GUSSENHOVEN, T. HAGENAARS, lA. VAN ESSEN, T.C. LEERTOUWER, 1 HONKOOP, and N. BOM ........................................................................................... 167 Intra-Coronary Ultrasound to Guide Percutaneous Coronary Intervention 1 LIGTHART and P.1. DE FEYTER ................................................................................. 184 Detection of Vulnerable Coronary Plaque; The Emerging Role of Intravascular Ultrasound P. SCHOENHAGEN, E.M. Tuzcu, and S.E. NISSEN ........................................................ 199 Diagnosis of Vulnerable Plaques in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory lA. SCHAAR, A.F.W. VAN DER STEEN, C.A. ARAMPATZIS, R. KRAMS, C.1. SLAGER, A.G. TEN HAVE, S.W. VAN DE POLL, F.1. GIJSEN, J.1. WENTZEL, P.1. DE FEYTER, and P.W. SERRUYS ..................................................................................................... 220 Part 4: Carotid Scanning Conventional and Compound Scanning of the Carotid Artery J.E. WILHJELM ........................................................................................................... 237 3D Imaging of the Carotid Arteries A. FENSTER and D.B. DOWNEY .................................................................................. 254 Carotid Elasticity Measurements A.P.G. HOEKS, 1.M. MEINDERS, and R. DAMMERS ...................................................... 269 Cross-Sectional Imaging of Elasticity Around Atherosclerotic Plaque with Transcutaneous Ultrasound H. KANAI, H. HASEGAWA, and Y. KOIWA .................................................................... 284 Part 5: Acoustic Microscopy of Vascular Tissue Quantitative Backscatter Acoustic Microscopy (30 to 50MHz) S.L. BRIDAL ............................................................................................................... 299 Evaluation of Atherosclerosis by Acoustic Microscopy Y. SAIJO ..................................................................................................................... 310 Key Word Index ............................................................................................... 327
The list of books you might like
