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Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia PDF

512 Pages·2001·114.036 MB·English
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V asco da Gama and and the Linking of Europe Asia Google Original from Digitized by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN • Google Original from Digitized by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN yasco da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia edited by Anthony Disney and Emily Booth OXFORD VNIVEJlSITY PllESS Google Original from Digitized by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Jai YMCA Library Building. Singh Road. New Delhi 110001 ?.. 6 O °axford U11iversity Press is a departn1e11t of the U11iversity of Oxford. It fttrthers the U11iversity's objective of excellence in researcl1, scholarship, and edttcation by pttblishi11g worldwide i11 Oxford New York Atl1ens At1ckla11d Ba11gkok Bogota Bue11os Aires Cala1tta Cape Tow11 Cl1e11nai Dares Salaam Dell1i Flore11ce Ho11g Ko11g Ista11bttl Karacl1i Kt1ala Lt1111pur Madrid Melbot1n1e Mexico City t,{u1nbai Nairobi Paris Sao Paolo Sl1a11gl1ai SiI1gapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw with associated con1panies i11 Berli11 lbadan Oxford is a registered trade 111ark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other cou11tries Pttblished in l11dia By Oxford University Press, New Dell1i © Introduction with the volt1111e editors © l11dividtial essays witl1 tl1e autl1ors T11e n1oral rigl1ts of the at1thor have bee11 asserted Database rigl1t Oxford U11iversity Press (niaker) Oxford University Press 2000 All rights reserved. No part of tl1is publicatio11 111ay be reprodt1ced, stored in a retrieval syste111, or transn1itted, i11 any fon11 or by a11y 111ea11s, witl1ot1t tl1e prior pern1ission in writing of Oxford University Press. or as expressly pern1itted by law, or under tern1s agreed with tl1e appropriate reprographics rigl1ts orga11izatio11. E11qt1iries co11cen1ing reproduction outside tl1e scope of tl1e above sl1ould be se11t to tl1e Rigl1ts Departn1e11t, Oxford U11iversity Press, at the address above You n1ust not circulate tl1is book in any otl1er bi11di11g or cover a11d yot1 n1ust in1pose this san1e co11dition 011 a11y acquirer . ISBN O 19 565181 2 Printed at Sat1rabl1 l'ri11t-o-Pack, Naida Pt1blished by Ma11zar Kl1a11, Oxford U11iversity Press YMCA Library Buildi11g, Jai Si11gl1 Road. New Dell1i 110 001 Google Original from Digitized by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Contents Introduction 1 Professor Denys Lombard: A Tribute 8 I. Plenary Lectures I . The Indian Ocean in World History 11 Felipe Fernandez-Armesto 2. Travelling with the Fifteenth-century Discoverers: Their Daily Life 30 A.H.H. de Oliveira Marques 3. The Unity of Opposites: Abraham Za'.cut, V asco da Gama and the Chronicler Gaspar Correia 48 Maurice Kriegel and Sanjay Subrahmanyam 4. Ships, Seafaring and the Iconography of Voyages in the Age of V asco da Gama 72 John Villiers II. Trade and Economic Relations 5. Soldiers, Diamonds and Jesuits: Flemings and Dutchmen in Portuguese India (1505-90) 84 John Everam 6. Christians and Muslims in the Surat Sea: Ships, Merchandise and Goods Captured in a Naval Battle in 1630 105 Artur Teodoro de Matos and Paulo Lopes Matos Google Original from Digitized by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN • Va sco Ja Gam11 and tht Lin/ting ofE uropt and Asia Vl 7. The East African Coast in 1498: A Synchronic Study 116 M.N. Pearson 8. The Portuguese in the Far East, 1540-1640 131 Om Prakash 9. Camphor in East and Southeast Asian Trade, of c. 1500: A Synthesis Portuguese and Asian Sources 142 Roderich Ptalt 10. Five Centuries, Five Modalities: European Interaction with Southeast Asia, 1497-1997 167 Anthony Rtid III. Religious and Cultural Interactions 11. Some Observations on Portuguese Renegades in Asia in the Sixteenth Century 178 Dtjanirah Silva Couto . 12. The Encounter of Languages: Reflections on the Language of the Other in Roteiro da Primeira Viagem de Va sco da Gama 202 Elena Losada Soler 13. Converts, Proteges and Assimilated Natives: anc:l·the The Advantages of Christianization Beliefs of Goan Christians (Eighteenth Century) 220 Maria de Jesus dos Mdrtires Lopes 14. The Jesuits and Japan 233 Derek Massare/la. 15. Goa-Macao-Beijing: The Jesuits and Portugal>s China Connection 248 Paul Rule 16. For God, King and Mammon: The Portuguese outside of Empire, 1480-1580 261 A.JR Russell-Wood Google Original from Digitized by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN •• Conunts Vil 17. Islands and Beaches: Indigenous Relations with the Portuguese in Sri Lanka after V asco da Gama 280 Chandra R de Silva IV. Sources, Texts and Representations 18. From the West to the East: The Return of the Printed Word 295 J oao J osl Alves Dias 19. Portuguese as seen by the Historians of the Qing Court 307 Carney T. Fisher 20. South Sulawesi Chronicles and Their Possible Models 322 Campbell C Macknight 21. When Poetry and History Meet: The First Voyage ofVasco da Gama in Literary Texts 333 Maria Alzira Seixo 22. Myth and Power: Vasco da Gama as Bourgeois Appropriation in the Opera of 340 the Nineteenth Century Isabel Sokr Quintana 23. Was There a Vasco da Gama Epoch? Recent Historiography 350 John E. Wills, Jr. V. Empire, Politics and Diplomacy 24. The Suppression of the Society of Jesus in the Portuguese Assistancy in Asia: The Fate of Survivors, 1760-77 361 Dauril Aldm 25. Divesting a Myth: Seventeenth Century Dutch-Portuguese Rivalry in the Far East 387 Leonard Blussl 26. Continuity and Change: The Portuguese Presence in British Bombay, c. 1660-1860 403 Mariam Dossa/ Google Original from Digitized by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN • •• Va .sco da Gama and tht Linking ofE urop t and Asia Vlll 27. Portuguese Timar on the Eve of the Pacific War 419 Robert Lee 28. V asco da Gama and the Later Portuguese Colonial Presence in India 437 de Ttotonio R Souza 29. Spiritual Peoples at Odds: Portugal, India and the Goa Question, 1947-61 452 Douglas L. Wheeler . . 30. Faction, Administrative Conuol and the Failure of the Portuguese India Company, 1628-33 471 Lo"aine Whitt 31 . Few Thanks to the King: The Building of 484 Portuguese India George Winius Contributors 496 Google Original from Digitized by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Introduction The thirty-one contributions that make up this volume were originally presented as lectures or papers at the Vasco da Gama Quincentenary Conference held in Melbourne and Fremantle, Australia, in June 1997. The purpose of the conference was to re-examine-in the light of recent scholarship, and from both Asian and European perspectives-the voyage ofVasco da Gama to Calicut in 1497-8, its role in linking Portugal and the world of the Indian Ocean, and the complex and multi-faceted interactions between East and West that developed in the years which followed. The conference was attended by scholars from a range of disciplines and orientations from Australia, Portugal, India, Belgium, France, Germany, Japan, Macao, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, the United Kingdom, and the United States. As might be expected from such a diverse gathering, the wealth of interests and views represented was very considerable, and cannot be fully encompassed in this introduction to the revised papers. However, some of the main concerns and conclusions will be suggested, followed by a brief descrip tion of the individual papers, in the order in which they appear in this volume. Interest at the conference in seafaring and navigational aspects of the Portuguese intrusion was considerable, and is manifested in several contributions. How was it that the Portuguese came to enter the Indian Ocean by sea at the close of the fifteenth century? Why did the break through not occur in the reverse direction, especially given that the Indian Ocean had a much longer and richer tradition of maritime trade and long-distance voyaging, than the Atlantic? Readers will find these basic questions addressed by Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, who emphasizes the fundamental difference between operating within a monsoonal environment as compared with one dominated by trade winds. Antonio de Oliveira· Marques's down-to-earth description of life aboard Google Original from Digitized by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 2 Va sco da Gama and the Lin/ting ofE urope and Asia Portuguese ships in the fifteenth century likewise helps explain how it was done-and invites comparison with earlier work on the carreira da India by scholars such as Charles Boxer, or on Indian voyaging by Jan Qaisar. John Villiers, after an evocative description of the voyage itself of V asco da Gama, gives a sobering overview of deep ocean navigation in pre-modern times. He recounts its many and persistent uncertainties, stressing that the technology of navigation, despite significant advances, was still far from ensuring a favourable outcome. The complexities and contradictions inherent in Early Modern voyaging arc strikingly brought out in comparing the approaches adopted here by Villiers and Oliveira Marques. Both describe the discomforts and perils of life at sea, and the widespread sense among seamen that their fate-resided in the hands of God. Yet, where Villiers highlights the fantastical awa that sometimes surrounded voyaging, drawing parallels between the spiritual preparations for Gama's expedition with 'a knight. ..b cfore setting out on crusade', Oliveira Marques stresses the curiosity. and spirit of inquiry which led voyagers, even in Prince Henry's day, eagerly to observe and describe the new, in the manner of the Ewopean Renaissance. One of the more general issues explicitly or implicitly present in many of these papers concerns the nature, and also the significance, ·o f Portuguese i,nfluence on the l:1dian Ocean region. In this regard, we think it is fair to say that the '¥eight of opinion here is heavily against the view, that has in some quarters been gaining some credence in recent years, that the Portuguese can be dismissed as having had only a very minor and insignificant impact. On the contrary, there is much to suggest that Portuguese influence on maritime Asia was important, though frequently in raqier more subtle ways than is often supposed. This is brought out, for example, in John Wills' s paper. Wills uses modernization theory to argue that the Estado da India represented a form of state formation that was new to the Indian Ocean region. The Estado da India was an interventionist, trade-promoting organization which, moreover, introduced the 'terrible novelty' of asserting its 'right' to control maritime trade and navigation. Its 'precocious stacism', Wills argues, prepared the way for the later, more potent statism of the great Ewopean trading companies. Other papers, including those of Orn Prakash, Anthony Reid, and Mariam Dossal, also bear in various ways on the nature and pervasiveness of long-term Portuguese influence. How did indigenous states and communities react to, and.then go on to manage, the Portuguese intrusion? While-it is necessary to be cautious not to over-generalize on this complex question, a number of the contri butions to this volume underline that in the western part of the Indian Google Original from Digitized by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

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