Values and Violence: Intangible Aspects of Terrorism PDF
Preview Values and Violence: Intangible Aspects of Terrorism
VALUESANDVIOLENCE STUDIES IN GLOBAL JUSTICE VOLUME 4 Series Editor Deen K. Chatterjee, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, U.S.A. Editorial Board Elizabeth Ashford, University of St. Andrews, U.K. Gillian Brock, University of Auckland, New Zealand Simon Caney, Oxford University, UK Michael Doyle, Columbia University, U.S.A. Andreas Follesdal, University of Oslo, Norway Carol Gould, Temple University, U.S.A. Virginia Held, CUNY, U.S.A. Alison Jaggar, University of Colorado, U.S.A. Jon Mandle, SUNY, Albany, U.S.A. Onora O'Neill, The British Academy, U.K. Sanjay Reddy, Columbia University, Barnard College, U.S.A. Henry Shue, Oxford University, U.K. Kok-Chor Tan, University of Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Leif Wenar, University of Sheffield, U.K. Veronique Zanetti, University of Bielefeld, Germany Aims and Scope In today’s world, national borders seem irrelevant when it comes to international crime and terrorism. Likewise, human rights, poverty, inequality, democracy, development, trade, bioethics, hunger, war and peace are all issues of global rather than national justice. The fact that mass demonstrations are organized whenever the world’s governments and politicians gather to discuss such major international issues is testimony to a widespread appeal for jus- tice around the world. takes Discussions of global justice are not limited to the fields of political philosophy and political theory. In fact, research concerning global justice quite often requires an interdisciplinary approach. It involves aspects of ethics, law, human rights, international relations, sociology, economics, public health, and ecology. Springer’s new series Studies in Global Justice up that interdisciplinary perspective. The series brings together outstanding monographs and anthologies that deal with both basic normative theorizing and its institutional applications. The volumes in the series discuss such aspects of global justice as the scope of social justice, the moral significance of borders, global inequality and poverty, the justification and content of human rights, the aims and methods of development, global environmental justice, global bioethics, the global institutional order and the justice of intervention and war. Volumes in this series will prove of great relevance to researchers, educators and students, as well as politicians, policy-makers and government officials. Forothertitlespublishedinthisseries,goto www.springer.com/series/6958 Values and Violence Intangible Aspects of Terrorism Editors IBRAHIMA.KARAWAN UniversityofUtah,SaltLakeCity,UT,U.S.A. WAYNEMcCORMACK UniversityofUtah,SaltLakeCity,UT,U.S.A. STEPHENE.REYNOLDS UniversityofUtah,SaltLakeCity,UT,U.S.A. 123 Editors Prof.IbrahimA.Karawan Prof.WayneMcCormack UniversityofUtah UniversityofUtah 260So.CentralCampusDr. 332So.1400E #205 SaltLakeCityUT84112 SaltLakeCityUT84112 USA USA [email protected] [email protected] Prof.StephenE.Reynolds UniversityofUtah 260So.CentralCampusDr. #205 SaltLakeCityUT84112 USA [email protected] ISBN:978-1-4020-8659-5 e-ISBN:978-1-4020-8660-1 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008931158 (cid:2)c 2008SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V. Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recording orotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withtheexception ofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingentered andexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. Printedonacid-freepaper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Contents PartI SocialIdentityandPoliticalViolence ViolenceinIdentity................................................. 3 AmartyaSen Gandhi,Newton,andtheEnlightenment .............................. 15 AkeelBilgrami IdeasasWeapons:MilitantIslamistGroupsinEgypt................... 31 IbrahimKarawan FemaleTerrorists:MartyrdomandGenderEquality ................... 43 MarilynFriedman EthnicityandIndoctrinationforViolence:TheEfficiencyofProducing Terrorists.......................................................... 63 FrankSalter TheClashWithin:DemocracyandtheHinduRight.................... 81 MarthaC.Nussbaum PartII ScopeoftheTerroristThreat AssessingtheStateofAlQaedaandCurrentandFutureTerrorist Threats ........................................................... 99 BruceHoffman TheDebateover“New”vs.“Old”Terrorism ..........................117 MarthaCrenshaw Globalization,SocialCapitalandNetworkedViolence:TheRoleof Values.............................................................137 BenjaminN.JudkinsandStephenE.Reynolds v vi Contents GeospatialAnalysisofDynamicTerroristNetworks....................151 RichardMedinaandGeorgeHepner DevelopingMoralAgencyintheMidstofViolence:Children,Political Conflict,andValues ................................................169 CeciliaWainrybandMonishaPasupathi ViolentandNon-violentResponsestoStateFailure:PapuaNewGuinea andEcuador.......................................................189 KenJamesonandPollyWiessner PartIII ValuesandPolicyChoices Terrorism,IslamandAmerica:InSearchofaDisarmingNarrative......207 TomFarer TheImportanceofValuesintheFightAgainstTerrorism ...............215 AmosN.Guiora “Terrorism”:ReflectionsonLegitimacyandPolicyConsiderations.......233 M.CherifBassiouni ValuesImplicatedintheStrugglewithTerrorism:War,Crime,and Prevention.........................................................257 WayneMcCormack BiographiesofAuthors..............................................279 Index .............................................................287 Contributors AkeelBilgrami ColumbiaUniversity,[email protected] M.CherifBassiouni DePaulUniversity,[email protected] MarthaCrenshaw StanfordUniversity,[email protected] TomFarer UniversityofDenver,[email protected] MarilynFriedman WashingtonUniversitySt.Louis,[email protected] AmosN.Guiora UniversityofUtah,[email protected] GeorgeHepner UniversityofUtah,[email protected] BruceHoffman GeorgetownUniversity,[email protected] KenJameson UniversityofUtah,[email protected] BenjaminN.Judkins UniversityofUtah,[email protected] IbrahimKarawan UniversityofUtah,[email protected] WayneMcCormack UniversityofUtah,[email protected] RichardMedina UniversityofUtah,[email protected] vii viii Contributors MarthaC.Nussbaum S.J. Quinney Lecture at the University of Utah, University of Chicago, martha [email protected] MonishaPasupathi UniversityofUtah,[email protected] StephenE.Reynolds UniversityofUtah,[email protected] FrankSalter MaxPlanckResearchGroupforHumanEthology,[email protected] AmartyaSen HarvardUniversity,[email protected] CeciliaWainryb UniversityofUtah,[email protected] PollyWiessner UniversityofUtah,[email protected] Introduction WayneMcCormack TheessaysinthisvolumeareproductsofaconferenceattheUniversityofUtahthat itselfwastheoutgrowthofanin-housestudygroupwhichbeganmeetingin2005. Early on, we realized that there was a substantial amount of talent and expertise in Utah regarding matters of international and global violence, but we also knew thatthereweremanyothersintheworldfocusingtheirattentiononsuchissues.So weaskedourselveswhatwebroughttothetablethatcouldbeunique,andweasked governmentofficialswhattheysawtobeneeded.Theanswerinbothinstancescame out the same: “Values and the Quest for Human Dignity in Confronting Political Violence.” When we learned that government professionals, particularly in the justice and military sectors, were thirsting for focused attention to bedrock principles, we thoughtwehadamatchwithwhatacademicscouldoffer.Theastoundingresponse oftheelitescholarsrepresentedhereshowsthatourinstinctwasright. Thefocusofourdiscussionswastheroleofvaluesinformingterroristactivity, in assessing the impacts of that activity, and in forming policies for responses to it. These are values that should be timeless and universal, but the crises in which they are challenged always seem to be unique at the moment. Thus, these essays extend far beyond terrorism but have significance in the fears and concerns of the moment. Societywillnomoreeliminateterrorismthanitwilleliminatecrime–thechal- lengeforcontainmentofbothistounderstandandprovideethicaloptionsforratio- nal decision makers. These essays assess normative and policy questions involved interrorismfromanumberofperspectives–thebeliefsystemsthatliebehindthe patterneduseofviolenceinvariouscultures,normativeissuesinassessingrisksof violence,andtheimplicationsoftheinternationalizationofviolence. Policy makers need a formal framework of analysis to avoid making unguided ad hoc decisions, but there are limits to the accuracy of empirical predictions. These two boundaries set the parameters for the exercise of professional judg- ment – the making of informed decisions on the basis of a rigorous analysis with less-than-certain outcomes. Long-term, we need to take existing information, ex- ercise normative judgments as well as assess historical experience, and construct a decision framework that takes all factors into account and provides a basis for professionalandpoliticaljudgments. ix x Introduction Internationalizationhaschangedthefaceofterrorismdramatically.Patternedvi- olenceagainstcivilianshasbeenpartofhumanhistoryforatleast4000yearsand isnotlikelytogoaway.Buttransportationandcommunicationsystems,alongwith destructive technology, allow violence to occur anywhere and for its effects to be feltimmediatelyinremotelocations. Normative and ethical evaluations are part of every important decision. Most obviously,theconsequencesofpolicychoicescannotbeassessedwithoutattention to the culture of an affected region or group, but even assessing the likelihood of variousthreatsrequiresattentiontohumannorms.Forexample,weatherforecasting is a “hard” science only in the sense that much of its data is observable. And as globalwarmingshows,thechoiceofwhatdatatocollectisalmostasnormativeas thequestionsofwhattodowithpredictionsofconsequences. Ourprincipalmessageisthatthepragmaticpoliticianignoresnormativevaluesat greatperil.Thosevaluesthathavebeencraftedoverlongperiodsoftimeunderava- rietyofconditionsendureforgoodreason.Thoselong-heldvaluesleadtoprinciples thatdonotneedtoberethoughtintimesofcrisiswhenjudgmentscanbeskewedby fearandemotion.AttheendofthisIntroduction,wewillofferadozensuggestions thatflowfromtheessays,butweemphasizethattheseareourimpressionsfromthe collectedwisdomhere. StructureoftheVolume–Beginning,Middle,End Thiscollectionofessaysproceedsbyexaminingsomesourcesofpoliticalviolence, moving to the impacts and scope of threats, and finishing with the policy choices availableforresponsetopoliticalviolence. Anumberofanalyseshaveaddressedsuchfactorsasthemotivationsofindivid- ual terrorists, the “culture” of terrorist organizations, the political contribution of “failedstates,”the effect of economic oppression, and thecultural-ideological ori- ginsoffundamentalism.Itshouldbepossibletoexaminecorrelationsamongthese factors.TheessaysinPartIofthiscollectionexamineanumberofcorrelationsto beginthatprocess.Manyquestionsremaintobeexploredmorethoroughly.Howdo different cultures express the notions of fairness and recompense for harms? How dotheseculturalvaluesinteractwitheconomics,geography,politicalandhistorical forces?Whataretheimplicationsofinternationalinterdependenceandinformation technologyontheproliferationofterrorism?Whatisthesignificanceofmigration andtheapparentdeclineofstatecontroloverborders?Whatcanbedonetoenhance internationalcooperationandtheroleofregionalorinternationalorganizations? Part II of this collection begins exploration of risk assessment in a normative context. It is not possible to eliminate all threats of harm, particularly in an open society. A society with high levels of individual autonomy is vulnerable to clan- destine violence from nonstate actors, while a tightly controlled society tends to fosterstateviolence.Securityplanningistheartofmakingareasonableallocation ofresourcestominimizevariousthreatsofharmwhiletakingintoaccountdesired
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