Values and Political Change in Postcommunist Europe PDF
Preview Values and Political Change in Postcommunist Europe
VALUES AND POLITICAL CHANGE IN POSTCOMMUNIST EUROPE This page intentionally left blank Values and Political Change in Postcommunist Europe William L. Miller Edward Caird Professor of Politics University of Glasgow Stephen White Professor of Politics University of Glasgow and Paul Heywood Professor ofP olitics University ofN ottingham First published in Great Britain 1998 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG2l 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-39549-1 ISBN 978-0-230-37744-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230377448 First published in the United States of America 1998 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-21144-8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Miller, William Lockley. 1943- Values and political change in postcommunist Europe I William L Miller. Stephen White, and Paul Heywood. p. em. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 978-0-312-21144-8 (cloth) I. Political culture-Europe, Eastern-Public opinion. 2. Political culture-Russia (Federation)--Public opinion. 3. Europe, Eastern-Politics and govemment-1989--Public opjnion. 4. Russia (Federation)--Politics and govemrnent-1991---Public opinion. 5. Post-communism-Europe, Eastern-Public opinion. 6. Post-communism-Russia (Federation)--Public opinion. 7. Public opinion-Europe, Eastern. 8. Public opinion----Rus..;;ia (Federation) I. White, Stephen. 1945- H. Heywood, Paul. HI. Title. JN96.A91M55 1997 106.2'094'091717 dc21 97-3X376 CIP © William L. Miller, Stephen White and Paul Heywood 1998 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1998 978-0-333-64283-2 All rights reserved. No reproduction. copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WI P 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have assened their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 l 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 ()() 99 98 Contents Acknowledgements xiii List of Tables xiv List of Figures xxii Political Values in Postcommunist Europe 1 What are political values? The value of values 3 Political values in the FSU/ECE 4 A red-brown alliance 4 Lines of division 6 10 Between the FSU and ECE 7 20 Between Catholic and Orthodox cultures 10 3 Between Europe and Asia 12 0 40 Between former imperial powers and the rest 14 50 Between successfully managed transitions and the rest 17 60 The iron curtain 17 The vanguard 18 Potential counter-revolutionaries 21 Conclusion 28 Part I INTRODUCfiON 31 1 Standing on the Ruins of Empire 33 The leading role of the Communist Party 33 The struggle to impose communist values 35 Resistance, reform and revolt 38 The legacy of older empires 41 2 Communism and After 48 Political change from below 49 v vi Contents Political change from above 54 A wider perspective 62 3 Methodology and Context 67 Eleven FSU/ECE surveys 67 Questionnaires 68 Weighting 70 Searching for evidence of cultural legacies 70 The political context of the surveys 73 Part ll PERCEPTIONS 81 4 A Fond FareweU? 83 Belief in communist ideals 83 Good and bad features of the communist regime 84 Personal experience of oppression 88 Our country's best time this century 89 Forgiveness 91 Conclusion 93 5 A Brave New World? 94 Economic decline 94 Comparing regime performance 95 Psychological participation 96 Active participation 97 The development or decay of civil society 97 Lack of trust in the institutions of democracy 100 Unfair officials 104 Conclusion 105 Part m VA LUFS 107 6 Socialism after Communism 109 Contents vii Support for a market economy 109 The role of the state in running industry 110 The role of the state in managing social welfare 112 State responsibility for culture 113 Equality 115 Composite indicators 117 Conclusion: The pattern of commitment to socialist values 120 Socialist values and the market economy 122 7 External and Internal Nationalism 124 External nationalism 125 Centralist nationalism 128 Cultural nationalism 129 Composite indicators 135 Conclusion: The pattern of commitment to nationalist values 136 Nationalist values in practice 138 8 Liberal Va loes 140 Public doubts about democracy 142 Freedom of information 143 Order and authority 145 Tolerance and intolerance 146 Rights to protest 149 Government above the law? 151 Composite indicators 152 Conclusion: The pattern of commitment to liberal values 154 Liberal values in practice 155 9 Popnlar Control: Direct or Representative Democracy? 159 Populism 160 Competitive elections 162 Parties 167 viii Contents The dimensions of party sympathy 171 Composite indicators 174 Conclusion: The pattern of commitment to popular control 175 10 Entrepreneurial MPs 177 Old apparatchiki without communist ideals 179 Optimistic MPs 180 Not much more confidence than the public in postcommunist institutions or officials 183 Anti-socialist former communists 185 Conclusion: The pattern of socialist values amongst MPs 190 11 The Nationalist, Liberal and Democratic Values of MPs 191 Nationalist values 191 Moderate but firm external nationalism 192 More devolutionary yet less separatist 193 Less culturally conformist 193 The idea of democracy 196 Liberal values 197 Freedom of information 198 More insistent on obedience to the law 199 More tolerant 199 More support for rights to protest 201 More support for law bound government 201 Popular control values 205 Less populist 205 More pro-elections 205 More pro-party 208 Conclusion: The patterns of nationalist, liberal and democratic values amongst MPs 209 12 A Red-Brown Alliance of Ideas? 212 Political sophistication: a problem of interpretation 212 The coherence of attitudes towards socialist, nationalist and liberal values 214 Contents ix A red-brown alliance: the allegation 217 A positive alliance between socialism and nationalism? 218 A negative alliance: socialism and nationalism against liberal values? 221 Socialist, nationalist and liberal attitudes to popular control 223 Conclusion 225 Part IV INFLUENCES ON VALUES 229 13 Winners and losers 231 236 Individual winners and losers 231 The losing classes 236 Lost generations 241 Gender and marital status 245 The military-industrial complex 247 Conclusion 248 14 Adaptable Minds 252 Education 253 Religiosity 259 Cosmopolitan values 263 Conclusion 264 15 Land, Language, Culture and Nationality 268 States and nations in the FSU/ECE 268 Russia 269 Land in Russia 271 Nationality and language in Russia 272 The interaction of land and nationality in Russia 274 Religious sects in Russia 274 Russia: conclusions 276 Ukraine 276 Land in Ukraine 279
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