Valerian: The Genus Valeriana (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles)

78 Pages·1997·6.13 MB·English

by  Peter Houghton

VALERIAN
Medicinal andAromatic Plants - IndustrialProfiles
VALERIAN
Individualvolumes in this series provide bothindustryand academiawithin-depth coverage of
one major medicinal or aromatic plant ofindustrial importance.
The Genus Valeriana
Edited by Dr Roland Hardman
Volume 1
'Valerian
editedbyPeterJ. Houghton
Hditedby
Other volumes in preparation
Perilla,Volume 2,editedby He-CiYu, Kenichi Kosuna andMegumi Haga
PeterJ. Houghton
Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Departmentof Pharmacy
Artemisia,editedby C. Wright
Cannabis, edited by D. Brown Kings CollegeLondon, UK
Capsicum,editedbyP. Bosland andA. Levy
Cardamom, editedbyP.N. Ravindran andK.J. Madusoodanan
Carum,edited byE. Nemeth
Chamomile, editedbyR. Franke and H. Schilcher
Cinnamonand Cassia, editedbyP.N. Ravindran and S. Ravindran
Claviceps,editedbyV. Kfen andL. Cvak
Colchicum, edited byV. Simanek
Curcuma,editedbyB.A. Nagasampagi andA.P. Purohit
Eucalyptus,editedbyj. Coppen
EveningPrimrose, editedbyP. Lapinskas
Feverfew,editedbyM.I. Berry
Ginkgo, editedbyT. vanBeek
Ginseng,byW. Court
IlliciumandPimpinella, editedby M. MiroJodral
Licorice,byL.E. CrakerandL. Kapoor
Metaleuca,editedby I. Southwell
Neem, by H.S. Puri
Ocimum,edited by R. Hiltunen andY. Holt
Piper Nigrum, edited by P.N. Ravindran
Plantago,editedbyC. AndaryandS. Nishibe
Poppy, edited byJ. Bernath
Saffron, edited by M. Negbi
Stevia, editedbyA.D. Kinghorn
Tilia, editedbyK.P. Svoboda andJ. Collins
Trigonella, editedby G.A. Petropoulos
Urtica, byG. Kavalali
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No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, Preface to the Series Vll
electronicormechanical,includingphotocopyingandrecording, orbyanyinformation
Preface ix
storage orretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfrom thepublisher. Printedin
Contributors xi
Singapore.
Amsteldijk 166 1 An Introduction to Valerian Vaierianaofficinalisand Related Species 1
1st Floor Anthony C. Dweck
1079 LH Amsterdam
2 The Chemistry of 'Vaieriana 21
The Netherlands
Peter]. Houghton
3 The Pharmacologyand Therapeutics of Vaieriana 55
JosefHb'1%1
4 Cultivation of Valerian 77
Jeno Berndth
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
5 Valerian: QualityAssurance of the Crude Drugand its Preparations 101
HJ. Woerdenbag, R. Bosand].].C. Scheffer
A catalogue record for thisbookis available fromthe British Library
6 Vaieriana Products 129
RichardFossandPeter]. Houghton
Index 139
Theillustration on the coveris taken from the Bloemle^inguithetCruydt-boeck vanRfmbert
Dodoens,editedbyDrA.Schierbeek,DeHofstad,TheHague, 1941.Thisisacompilation
of Herbarius oft Cruydt-hoeck by Rembertus Dodonaeus, Plantijnsche Druckerije van
Balthasar Moretus, Antwerp, 1644. We have tried to find the copyright holder of the
compilationbutwerenotsuccessful,pleasecontactthepublisherincaseofanycopyright
queries.
PREFACE TO THE SERIES
There is increasing interestin industry, academia and the health sciences in medicinal
and aromatic plants. In passing from plantproduction to the eventualproductused by
the public, manysciences areinvolved. This seriesbrings togetherinformationwhichis
currently scattered through an everincreasing number of journals. Each volume gives
an in-depth look at one plant genus, about which an area specialist has assembled
information ranging from the production of the plant to market trends and quality
control.
Many industries are involved such as forestry, agriculture, chemical, food, flavour,
beverage, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and fragrance. The plant raw materials are roots,
rhizomes, bulbs, leaves, stems,barks,wood, flowers, fruits and seeds.Theseyieldgums,
resins, essential (volatile) oils, fixed oils,waxes, juices, extracts and spices for medicinal
and aromaticpurposes. Allthese commodities are tradedworld-wide. A dealer's market
report for anitem may say "Droughtin the country of origin has forced up prices".
Natural products do notmean safe products and account of this has to be taken by
the above industries,which are subject to regulation. For example, a number of plants
which are approved for use in medicine mustnot be used in cosmetic products.
The assessment of safe to use starts with the harvested plant material which has to
complywith an official monograph. This may require absence of, or prescribed limits
of,radioactivematerial,heavymetals,aflatoxins,pesticideresidue,aswellastherequired
level of active principle. This analytical control is costly and tends to exclude small
batchesofplantmaterial.Large scalecontractedmechanisedcultivationwithdesignated
seed orplantlets is now preferable.
Today, plant selection is not only for the yield of active principle, but for the plants
ability to overcome disease, climatic stress and the hazards caused by mankind. Such
methods as in vitrofertilisation, meristem culturesand somatic embryogenesis are used.
Thetransferof sections of DNAis givingrise to controversyin the case of some end-
uses ofthe plant material.
Some suppliers of plant raw material are now able to certify that they are supplying
organically-farmed medicinal plants, herbs and spices. The Economic Union directive
(CVO/EU No 2092/91) details the specifications for the obligatory quality controls
to be carried out at all stages of production and processing of organic products.
Fascinating plant folklore and ethnopharmacology leads to medicinal potential.
Examples are the muscle relaxants based on the arrow poison, curare, from species of
Chondrodendron, and the antimalarials derived from species of Cinchona and Artemisia.
Themethods of detectionofpharmacologicalactivityhavebecomeincreasinglyreliable
andspecific,frequentlyinvolvingenzymesinbioassaysandavoidingtheuseoflaboratory
animals. By using bioassay linked fractionation of crude plant juices or extracts,
compounds can be specifically targeted which, for example, inhibit blood platelet
aggregation, or have antitumour, or antiviral, or any other required activity. With the
assistance of robotic devices, all the members of a genus may be readily screened.
However, the plant material mustbe fully authenticated by a specialist.
viii PREFACETOTHESERIES
The medicinal traditions of ancient civilisations such as those of China and India
PREFACE
havealargearmamentariumofplantsintheirpharmacopoeiaswhichareusedthroughout
South East Asia. A similar situation exists in Africa and South America. Thus, a very
high percentage of the world's population relies on medicinal and aromatic plants for Adistinctive smellin thedispensaryof myfather'spharmacywasmyfirstacquaintance
their medicine. Western medicine is also responding. Already in Germany all medical with Vakriana. Igrewupin a smallcountrytownin theWestof Englandinthe Sixties
practitionershavetopassanexaminationinphytotherapybeforebeingallowedtopractise. during a period when the skills of pharmacists in extemporaneous preparation of
It is noticeable that throughout Europe and the USA, medical, pharmacy and health medicines were being replaced by pre-packaged products and when many old plant-
related schools are increasinglyoffering traininginphytotherapy. basedremediesweregivingway tomorepotent andeffective drugs consistingof single
Multinational pharmaceutical companies have becomeless enamoured of the single chemical entities.
compoundmagicbulletcure.Thehighcostsof suchventuresandtheendlesscompetition In the comparative backwater of the Cotswolds, some doctors still preferred the
from me too compounds from rival companies often discourage the attempt. older remedies so my father often made up a large bottle of Potassium Bromide and
Independent phytomedicine companies have been very strong in Germany. However, Valerian Mixture which was prescribed as a tranquillizer or sedative. This entailed the
by the end of 1995, eleven (almost all) had been acquired by the multinational useofValerianInfusion,analcoholicextractof Vakrianaofficinalisroots,withitsdistinctive
pharmaceuticalfirms,acknowledgingthelaypublic'sgrowingdemandforphytomedicines andpenetratingsmell.ManyfindtheodourrepulsivebutI,eitherthroughenvironmental
in the WesternWorld. orgenetic conditioning, have never foundit unpleasant.
The business of dietary supplements in the WesternWorld has expanded from the Atthe same time, the benzodiazepines suchas Valium ® andIibrium ®werebeing
Health Store to the pharmacy. Alternative medicine includes plant based products. introduced and used for much the same CNS depressant ends by those with a more
Appropriate measures to ensure the quality, safety and efficacy of these either already moderninclination. Within ten years Valerian seemed to have disappeared, alongwith
existorarebeingansweredbygreaterlegislativecontrolbysuch bodies as theFood and manyothervegetabledrugs,frommainstreampharmacyanditsmonographwasdropped
Drug Administration of the USA and the recently created European Agency for the from the 1973 British Pharmacopoeia.
Evaluation of Medicinal Products, based in London. This shiftinmedicationdidnotoccurto suchagreatextent insomeotherEuropean
In the USA, the DietarySupplement and Health EducationActof 1994recognised countries suchasGermanywhereherbalmedicationwas stillwidelypractisedbygeneral
the class of phytotherapeutic agents derived from medicinal and aromatic plants. practitioners and so, in these countries, Valerian and other drugs were still used.
Furthermore, under public pressure, the US Congress set up an Office of Alternative Consequently, with the incorporation of European Pharmacopoeia monographs into
Medicineandthis office in 1994assistedthefilingof severalInvestigationalNewDrug the British Pharmacopoeia from 1980 onwards, Valerian once more featured in the
(IND) applications, required for clinical trials of some Chinese herbal preparations. entries.
ThesignificanceoftheseapplicationswasthateachChinesepreparationinvolvedseveral Therenaissance of the status ofValerianwas alsocarriedbythehighannualerowth
plants and yet was handled as a single IND. A demonstration of the contribution to estimatedatabout 10%inmostdevelopedcountries,inconsumerpreference forplant-
efficacy, of each ingredient of each plant, was not required. This was a major step based self-medication. This interest in phytotherapeutic agents, or 'herbal remedies',
forward towards more sensible regulations in regard to phytomedicines. has occurred since about 1980andhasdirectedrenewedclinical and scientificattention
My thanks are due to the staff of Harwood Academic Publishers who have made towards such products and theirplant sources. There is increasingrealisation that the
this series possible and especially to the volume editors and their chapter contributors traditional use of these materials often has a scientific basis but also that they may
for the authoritative information. provide new leads for 'conventional' pharmaceuticals.
In time I learnt that the Valerian plant Vakriana officinalis, known to me as a British
wild flowerand as a substance in my father's pharmacy,was one menber of agenus of
Roland Hardman
plants used throughout the world in most traditional medical systems for much the
same purpose. The therapeutic efficacy of extracts of V. officinalis, togetherwith other
Vakrianaspecies,inprovidingsedation, has beenprovenbymanypharmacological and
clinical experiments. Such extractswere extensively used duringthetwoworldwars for
treatmentof theconditionknownsomewhateuphemisticallyas 'shellshock'. However,
incommonwithmanyotherphytotherapeuticagents,thechemicalbasis forthisactivity
remained largely a mystery since no 'active ingredient' could be clearly identified. This
hampered wider clinical usage since efficacy could not be guaranteed on the basis of
chemical analysis.
Thedevelopment since 1960 of more refined separationtechniques and spectroscopic CONTRIBUTORS
methods of structural elucidation, followed closelybytests forbiologicalactivity using
small amounts and much more specific targets such as receptors, has resulted in a
considerable amount of research on Vaieriana. New types of chemical constituents
Jeno Bernath Josef Holzl
have been discovered in this genus and the basis of their mode of action has to some
Department of Medicinal Plant Institut fur Pharmakologie und
extent been elucidated. It should be emphasised, however, that the story still awaits
Production Toxikologie der Philipps Universitat
completion and, everyyear, several researchpapers appearin scientific journals dealing
University of Horticulture and Food 3550 Marburg
with different aspects of Vaierianaspecies.
Industry Germany
Vaieriana is a good example of the problematic and beneficial aspects of the use of
Villanyi lit 29/31
plant materials as pharmaceutical agents. Issues such as variation in chemical content
1114 Budapest PeterJ. Houghton
and composition, the difficulties ofproducing crops ofconsistent composition with
H-1502 Hungary Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories
highamounts of thedesiredcompoundsandof analysingextractsmaketheproduction
Department of Pharmacy
ofauniformproductlesseasytoachievethanwhenasinglechemicalentityisconcerned.
R. Bos King's College London
The fact that no one compound, or evengroup of compounds, is responsible for the
Department of Pharmaceutical Biology Manresa Road
overall pharmacological effectunderlies the problems facedin these contexts.
University Centre for Pharmacy London SW3 6LX
On the other hand, more interesting and positive features of phytotherapy are
Groningen Institute for DrugStudies UK
exemplified by Vaierianaspecies. The overall effectis produced by a variety of types of
(GIDS), University of Groningen
chemical constituents with a range of relevant activities. A clinical condition such as
Antonius Deusinglaan 2 JJ.C. Scheffer
sleeplessnessmaybeduetooneormoreof severalfactorsandasinglechemicalsubstance
9713 AW Groningen Division of Pharmacognosy
maynot affect the underlyingcause in a particular patient whereas one of the cocktail
The Netherlands Leiden/Amsterdam Center forDrug
of compounds presentin a preparation such as Valerian extract may be more likely to
Research (LACDR)
do so.
Anthony C. Dweck Leiden University
This book is intended togive an informative overviewof the presentknowledge of
Research Director Gorlaeus Laboratories
all aspects of the use, constituents and trade in Vaierianaproducts. I trust thatinterest
Peter BlackMedicare PO Box 9502
of its readers willbe stimulated, notonlyin the fascinatingproperties of this particular
PeterBlack Cosmetics & Toiletries 2300 RA Leiden
medicinalgenus, but also in the scientific study of medicinal plants as awhole.
Southern Distribution Centre The Netherlands
White Horse Business Park
PeterJ. Houghton
Aintree Avenue,Trowbridge HJ. Woerdenbag
Wilts. BAHOXB Department of PharmaceuticalBiology
UK University Centre forPharmacy
Groningen Institute for DrugStudies
Richard Foss (GIDS), University of Groningen
Agros Associates Antonius Deusinglaan 2
YewTree House 9713 AWGroningen
School House Lane The Netherlands
Aylsham
NorfolkNR11 6EX
UK
1. AN INTRODUCTION TO VALERIAN
VALERIANA OFFICINAL/SAND RELATED SPECIES
ANTHONYC. DWECK
Research Director, PeterBlack Medicare, PeterBlack Cosmetics <& Toiletries
Southern Distribution Centre, White HorseBusinessPark,
AintreeAvenue, Trowbridge, Wilts. BA14 OXB
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
The Importance Of Valerian And Vaieriana
The Smell
TheName
BOTANICALASPECTS OF VALERIANA
Description of genus
Vaieriana species
Related plants of importance
Non-related plants with similar trivialnames
HISTORICALAND MODERN USES OF VALERIANA
Vaieriana In Folklore
Miscellaneous beliefs
Planetary influences
Languageofflowers
Saintlyassignations
Vaieriana In History
Modern Medicinal Uses
Vaieriana in Western orthodoxmedicineandphytotherapy
Medicinalusesof vaieriana in othercultures
Cosmetic Uses
Bathing
Topicalapplication
Food Uses
Effect of Vaieriana On Animals
ANINTRODUCTIONTOVALERIAN
ANTHONYC. DWECK
INTRODUCTION
The Importance of Valerian And Valerians
AdistinctivesmelloftenpervadedpharmaciesinGreatBritainandseveralothercountries
before the advent of the modern benzodiazepine tranquillisers and similardrugs. This
odour was due to the extracts of a drug, called in English 'Valerian', which was
incorporated in a mixture with potassium bromide prescribed for patients needing a
relief from over-excitement of the central nervous system (CNS). Valerian commonly
usedinnorthernEuropeanmedicineisderivedfromtheundergroundorgansofVakriana
offmnalisL, amemberof theValerianaceae. This plantis steepedinhistory andrelated
species are usedin traditionalmedicineinmany otherparts of the world. The original
useof V. ojficinatisasaperfumeorperhaps evenasasourceof foodwastotallydifferent
toitsmodernuseinorthodoxandherbalmedicine asasedative andcalmingagent.The
stresses of late twentieth centuryindustrial society have resultedin an increase of use
and interest in alternative sedatives to those used in orthodox medicine. Many of the
productsintendedforself-treatmentofmildstress containValeriancrudedrugorextracts.
Theadditionalaspectofits beingadrugstillprescribedbysomeorthodoxpractitioners
as well as phytotherapists mean that a large amount of this group of crude drugs are
grown, processed and used each year. The most important commercial species are
Figure 1
Voffirinalis, V. wallichii(syn. V.jatamansii), V.faurieiand V. edulis and it is these species
which are dealtwith in this book.
vile smelling (Saunders, 1976). Another (Heinerman, 1988) evendescribes the smellas
A few comprehensive reviews dealing with the history, constituents and activity of
'unwashed underwear". Freshvalerian root smells like ancientleatherbut,whendried,
Valeriana have been published in recent years (Houghton, 1988, 1994; Hobbs, 1994;
it is nearer to stale perspiration (Bremness,1988).
Jasperson-Squibb,l990). Valerianaspecieshavebeenusedformanyyearsandthehistory
However, this dislike of the smellwas not the case in the years up to andincluding
of their use, or the reported ethnobotany, often seems implausible and the style and
the 16th century, when most reports make no adverse comments on the odour of the
descriptionof thewritingis sometimes quaintandseemsamusing. However,itisoften
plant. In the East the smell was liked immensely and used as a perfume in bathing.
startlingto discover, thatin reviewingthe data retrospectively one finds an 'OldWives
Today the oil of valerianis used as acomponentof manyblended perfume oils,where
Tale'thathasbeengiven scientificproof. Galen,whobyluckorbyjudgement,intimated
itcanimpartaleathery'note toa fragrance. Valerianis nota recognised aromatherapy
thatValerianwasasedative,mighthavebeensomewhatbemusedtolearnthathisfindings
oil,andyetthereisagrowingbodyof evidencetoshowthattheodourofvalerianalone
took another fourteen centuries to be rediscovered.
is sufficient to have a sedative effect (Balacs,1992).
The intense smell canbe aproblem and contaminate equipment,butthe odourmay
be removed from a scale pan or from the hands by rubbing with sodium bicarbonate
The Smell
(Murrison,l935). Itisnowknownthatthemajorpartof theodourisduetotheisovaleric
The smellhasbeendescribed asbeingthatof "torn" cats (Hooper, 1984),asdirtysocks acid releasedbyenzyme hydrolysis from some of the compounds present in the plant.
(Keville, 1991), as warm and camphorous (Hutchens, 1992), as a strong penetrating,
disagreeableodourwithacamphorous,bittertaste(BritishPharmaceuticalCodex1923).
The Name
Others say it is nauseous and unpleasant (Baraicli Levy, 1991) and it is for this reason
that one of its old names was 'Phu' (Hobbs, 1994), a name interpreted from the There are a number of explanations for the origin of the name but no universally-
explanation of disgustwiththe strongsmell of long-driedvalerianroot. Healso likens accepted etymology as yet exists. It might be from the Latin 'valere' meaning courage,
theodourtowell-seasoned dirtysocks,whileanotherauthorgoesas fartodescribeitas which one might need to drink the infusion. Another source suggests from the Latin
ANTHONYC. DWECK
AN INTRODUCTIONTOVALERIAN
Table 1continued Species of Valeriana and theircommonnames
Speciesname Synonyms Commonnames
V.acutilobaRydb. V dioica Tobacco root,Wildheliotrope,
111CordileranValerian,Downy
fruitValerian
V. adscendensTurcz.
V. agrimonifoliaKillip
V. alliariifoliaTroitzky
V. alpestrisStev.
V. alternifoliaLedeb V. ojficinalisL
V. amphilopbisGraebn.
V. amurensisP. Smirn.
ex Kom..
V. angustifoliaTausch V.officinalis JapaneseValerian, Kesso
V, ari^onicaA.Gray ArizonaValerian
V.armeriifoliaSchltdl. V. coarctataRuiz &Pav.
V,aschersoniana Graebn. Aretiastrumaschersonianum
exWeberbauer Graebn.
V.asplenifoliaKillip
V baltana Graebn.
V. bambusicaulisKillip
Figure2
V. candolleanaGardner
V. capitata Pall Clustered Valerian
V. celticaL. Nardusceltica Celtic Nard
Valeo' to be strong, or from 'valere' meaning to be in good health or to be healthy V. cephalantha Schlecht.
(Coombes,1985). The name valerian is also thought by some to be derived from the V. chaerophyllaPers
latinised form of the Old High German 'Baldrian'whose origin is uncertain. V. chaerophylloidesSm.
V.dematitisKunth
V. dematoidesGraebn.
V. coarctataRuiz & Pav
BOTANICAL ASPECTS OF VALER1ANA
V. cocdnea — Centrantbusruber
V. comosaEriksen
Description of Genus V. condamoana Graebn.
V, connataRuiz& Pav
Vakrianaisthemajorgenusof theValerianaceae,afamilyrepresentedinallthetemperate
V. connatavar. nutans
and sub-tropical areas of the world. Bentham and Hooker (1954) describe the
Graebn
Valerianaceae as being herbs with opposite leaves and no stipules. The flowers are in
V. convallarioides Phyllactisconvallarioides
terminal corymbs or panicles and are usually small and numerous. The calyx is above (Schmale) B.B. Larsen Schmale
the ovaryand forms a small, sometimes toothed, borderwhich is scarcelynoticeable at K coreanaBriq. African Valerian
the time of flowering but afterwards unrolls into a feathery pappus. The corolla is V. cornucopiaeL.
usually monopetalous, tubular at the base with five spreading lobes.. There are less K costataSchmale
stamens thanlobesof the corolla. The fruitis small, dryand seed-likewith asingle seed V. crassipes (Wedd.) Hoeck
suspended fromthe topof the cellbutalso frequentlyoneortwo imperfectorabortive V. cumbemayensisEriksen
V. decussataRuiz & Pav.
emptycells.Thegenus Vakrianais characterisedbyperennialshavingthree stamensand
V. dioicaL. V.acutiloba MarshValerian,Tobacco root,
no spurs on the slightly swollen base of the corolla. The fruit is crowned by a feathery
Wild Heliotrope
pappus. V. Dioica var, Sylatica MarshValerian
V.dioscorides Kphu Phu
ANTHONYC. DWECK ANINTRODUCTIONTOVALERIAN
Table1continued Species ofValeriana andtheircommonnames Table 1continued Species of Valeriana and theircommon names
Speciesname Synonyms Commonnames Speciesname Synonyms Commonnames
V.dipsacoidesGraebn. V. ledoidesGraebn.
KedulisNutt. ex. Torr. & Gray V.mexicana Tobacco Root, EdibleValerian V. linearifoliaKillip V.grisianaWedd.
K edulisNutt, sspproceraMeyer MexicanValerian,Tobacco Root V. locusta L. CommonCornSalad,Lamb's
V.eiatiorGraebn. Lettuce
V.erysimoidesPoepp. & Endl. V. longifoliaKunth
V. exaltataMikan V. longifoliavar. pilosa V.pilosaRuiz & Pav.
V, excelsaPoiret V.offirinalis (2n—56) (Ruiz & Pav.) Wedd
V.exscapaGriseb. V.lyrataM. Vahl V.lyrataBall
V.jaurieiBriq. English:JapaneseValerian,Kisso V.lyrataGraebn
Japanese: Kanokosou,Kissoukon V. macbrideiKillip
V.friasanaSchmale V. malvaceaGraebn.
V.g/obiferaVets. V.globifloraRuiz & Pav. V. mathewsiiBriq. V. humboldtiiHook. &Arn.
V.globularioidesGraebn. V. maximaKillip K dipsacoidesGraebn.
V.globularisA. Gray V.globularisGraebn V. melanocarpaKillip V.decussataRuiz & Pav.
V.grisianaWedd. V.grisianaKillip V. merxmuelleriSeitz
V.hadrosGraebn. V. mexicanaDC Centranthusruber
V.hardwickiiWall. V.sorbifoliaH.B.K.
V. herreraeKillip var. mexicana (DC)
V. hirsutissimaKillip V. macbrideiKillip EG. Mey.
V. hirtellaKunth V. microphyllaKunth V.microphyllaGraebn
V. hispida (Wedd.) Hoeck V.niphobiaBriq. V. micropterinaWedd
V.bortensis~Lam. V.montanaBieb V.alpestris
1/.humboldtiiHook. &Arn. V.humboldtiiBriq. V. nigricansGraebn.
V.hyalinorhi^aRuiz & Pav. V. matbewsii.Briq. .V. niphobiaBriq. V. niphobia(Wedd.) Graebn
KimbricataKillip Aretiastrumimbricatum V. nitida Kreyer
(Killip) Killip V. nivalisWedd.
V.interruptaRuiz & Pav. V.oblongifoliaRuiz & Pav.
KinterruptaRuiz & Pav. K interruptainterrupta V. obtusifoliaDC. V.obovata
var. interrupta (Ruiz & Pav.) Dufresne V. ocddentalis Small-flower Valerian
K interruptainterrupta V. ofjicinalis'L.. Valerian,Allheal, Amantilla,
Graebn Belgianvalerian, Capon's Tail,
V.interruptavar. Cat's love,Cat's valerian,
interruptaBall Commonvalerian, Fragrant
Kinterruptavar. eiatior V. interruptaeiatior valerian,Garden heliotrope
(Graebn.) Killip Graebn (wrongly), GardenValerian,
Kinterruptavar. KinterruptaRuiz & Pav. Greatwildvalerian,Herba
var. interrupta Benedicta,Ka-no-ko-so, Kesso
V.isoetifoliaKillip root,Kissokon,Kuanyexiccao,
K italica Phu, Gallic Nard Luj, Nard, Ntiv, Officinal
KjasminoidesBriq. ValerianRacine de Valeriane St.
V7.jatamansiiJones V.wallichiiDC IndianValerian, Nard,Spikenard, Georgeherb, Setwall,Setwell,
Sunbul, Syrian Nard, IndianNard Theriacaria,txhamlaaj,Valerian
V. kilimandaschariaEngl. fragrant, Greatwildvalerian,
V. laciniata Ruiz & Pav Astrephiachaerophylloides V extranjera, V,Valeriane,and
(Sm.) DC. Vandalroot,Waliryana,Wild
V. laevigataWilld. exSteud. V.humboldtiiHook. &Arn. valerian