U.X.L - Prejudice in Modern World Reference Library -Almanac 1

281 Pages·2006·7.13 MB·English

by  Hanes

Prejudice in the Modern
World
Almanac
VOLUME 1
Prejudice in the Modern
World
Almanac
VOLUME 1
Richard C. Hanes, Sharon M. Hanes, Kelly Rudd
Sarah Hermsen, Project Editor
PrejudiceintheModernWorld:Almanac
RichardC.Hanes,SharonM.Hanes,KellyRudd
ProjectEditor ImagingandMultimedia Composition
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LIBRARYOFCONGRESSCATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATIONDATA
Hanes,RichardClay,1946–
Prejudiceinthemodernworld.Almanac/RichardC.Hanes,SharonM.Hanes,andKelly
Rudd;SarahHermsen,projecteditor.
p.cm.—(Prejudiceinthemodernworldreferencelibrary)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN-13:978-1-4144-0204-8(sethardcover:alk.paper)—
ISBN-10:1-4144-0204-X(sethardcover:alk.paper)—
ISBN-13:978-1-4144-0205-5(v.1hardcover:alk.paper)—
ISBN-10:1-4144-0205-8(v.1hardcover:alk.paper)—[etc.]
1.Toleration—Juvenileliterature.2.Prejudices—Juvenileliterature.3.Intergrouprelations—
Juvenileliterature.4.Ethnicrelations—Juvenileliterature.5.Racerelations—Juvenileliterature.
I.Hanes,SharonM. II.Rudd,Kelly,1954– III.Hermsen,Sarah. IV.Title.
HM1271.H362007
303.3’85—dc22 2006036955
ISBN-13: ISBN-10:
978-1-4144-0203-1(set) 978-1-4144-0208-6 1-4144-0203-1(set) 1-4144-0208-2
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978-1-4144-0205-5(Almanacvol.1) 978-1-4144-0209-3 1-4144-0205-8(Almanacvol.1) 1-4144-0209-0
978-1-4144-0206-2(Almanacvol.2) (CumulativeIndex) 1-4144-0206-6(Almanacvol.2) (CumulativeIndex)
978-1-4144-0207-9(Biographies) 1-4144-0207-4(Biographies)
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Table of Contents
Reader’s Guide vii
Timeline of Events xi
Words to Know xxvii
Research and Activity Ideas xxxv
VOLUME 1
Chapter1:FoundationsofModernPrejudice 1
Chapter2:CausesofPrejudice 19
Chapter3:EthnicPrejudice 39
Chapter4:RacialPrejudice 61
Chapter5:ReligiousPrejudice 83
Chapter6:SocialClassPrejudice 105
Chapter7:GenderPrejudice 123
Chapter8:SexualOrientationPrejudice 151
Chapter9:Nationalism 171
Chapter10:DisabilityPrejudice 193
Chapter11:ConsequencesofPrejudice 215
VOLUME 2
Chapter12:GenocideinRwanda 237
Chapter13:JapaneseInternmentinAmerica 259
v
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Chapter14:PrejudiceinIraq:Shi´ıtes,Sunni,andKurds 279
Chapter15:Multi-EthnicConflict:Yugoslavia 297
Chapter16:TheArab-IsraeliConflict 317
Chapter17:RacialSegregationintheAmericanSouth:Jim
CrowLaws 333
Chapter18:NativeAmericans 359
Chapter19:TheHolocaust 381
Chapter20:ReligiousPolitics:NorthernIrelandandEngland 407
Chapter21:PrejudiceAgainstHispanicAmericans 421
Chapter22:ApartheidofSouthAfrica 443
Where to Learn More xlv
Index li
vi PrejudiceintheModernWorld:Almanac
Reader’s Guide
Ofthemanykindsofemotionsandfeelingsapersonmayhold,prejudice
isperhapsoneofthemostcommonyetcomplex.Prejudiceisanegative
attitude, emotion, or behavior towards others based on a prejudgment
aboutthoseindividualswithnopriorknowledgeorexperience.Prejudice
can be extremely harmful, oversimplifying diverse aspects of human
natureandmakingbroadgeneralizationsaboutentireracesandcultures.
These generalizations are frequently based on stereotypes. The use
of stereotypes employs negative images of others. Such negative stereo-
typesmayleadto certainformsofbehaviorincluding discrimination or
even hostile violent acts. This kind of use of generalizations and stereo-
types becomes especially critical when people in power, or seeking
political power, manipulate through the media the stereotypes of social
groups they wish to dominate, or perhaps eliminate. People in these
stereotypedgroupsoftenbecomelessvaluedsocially.Theyarefrequently
made scapegoats, blamed for the problems affecting society in general,
eveniftheyhavenothingtodowithit.
Prejudicesusuallyformveryearlyinlife;theyareshapedbyfamily,
schools,andsocietyingeneral.Prejudicecanassumemanyformsbased
onthekindsoftraitsthatothersarebeingprejudgedby.Racialprejudice
focuses on physical biological traits, such as skin color. Religious preju-
diceconsidersthebeliefsheldbyothersorwhatreligiousdenomination
they are associated with. Ethnic prejudice identifies people who share
common backgrounds or social customs. Nationalism is a form of
prejudice that focuses on the political systems others live under. Sexism
is a gender prejudice against men or women. Sexual orientation preju-
dices are usually against people who are homosexuals or transgendered.
vii
READER’SGUIDE
Some prejudices focus on disabilities of others, ranging from physical
handicapstomentaldisabilitiestomentalillnesses.
Normally,people—bothasagroupandindividually—areactingout
multiple forms of prejudice at any one time. One group of people may
holdprejudicesanddiscriminateagainstanothergroupbecauseofcom-
binedreligiousandethnicprejudices,racialandsocialclassprejudices,or
genderanddisabilityprejudices.Similarly,anymultiplecombinationsof
prejudicesarepossibleandmayevenoccurindifferentcombinationsin
the same individual over time. No matter the complexity of prejudice,
one simple fact exists—prejudice has long been one of the greatest
barriersandmostdestructiveforcesinhumanhistory.
Prejudice has been a major influence on human relationships
throughout the history of humankind. Not only has prejudice existed
throughout the history of civilization, it has dominated certain historic
periodsandhistoricalevents,suchastheinvasionofChristianarmiesinto
the Muslim-held Holy Lands beginning at the end of the eleventh
century, the sixteenth century religious upheaval of the Reformation in
Europe, and the Holocaust in World War II (1939–45) in the mid-
twentiethcentury.Despitethisinfluenceofprejudicethroughouthistory,
theactualconceptofwhatprejudiceisdidnotdevelopuntilthetwentieth
century,whenthestudyofprejudicesgainedrecognition.
Slavery,colonialism,andworldempireshadlargelyendedbytheearly
twentieth century. However, racial discrimination, particularly against
those groups previously enslaved, ethnic conflicts, and international con-
flict driven by nationalism remained major influences on the course of
modernhistory.Instanceswheretheconsequencesofprejudiceweremost
apparent included the racially discriminatory Jim Crow laws of the
American South, the extermination of European Jews by Nazi Germany
intheHolocaust,ethnicconflictsinformerYugoslaviainEasternEurope,
genocides in the African states of Rwanda and Somalia, and religious
conflictsinNorthernIrelandandtheMiddleEast.
The nature of prejudice-driven discrimination and violence has
changed over time. Efforts by national governments, human rights
watch groups, and international organizations, such as the United
Nations, have made strides in combating prejudice through various
educational and humanitarian programs. However, it appeared that
prejudice would continue as a major influence and source of conflict in
theworldintothetwenty-firstcentury.
viii PrejudiceintheModernWorld:Almanac
READER’SGUIDE
Features
Prejudice in the Modern World: Almanac offers twenty-two chapters in
twovolumes.Thefirstelevenchaptersexplorethemanydifferenttypesof
prejudice, their history, what causes these prejudices in people and
societies, and their consequences. The types of prejudice described in
detail include ethnic, racial, religious, class, gender, sexual orientation,
nationalism, and disabilities. Each chapter contains a list of additional
sources students can go to for more information; sidebar boxes high-
lighting people and events of special interest; and a Words to Know
sectionthatintroducesstudentstodifficultorunfamiliarterms(termsare
alsodefinedwithinthetext).Over120black-and-whitephotographshelp
illustrate the material. Both volumes begin with a timeline of important
eventsinthehistoryofprejudiceandaResearchandActivityIdeassection.
The volumes conclude with a general bibliography and a subject index so
studentscaneasilyfindthepeople,places,andeventsdiscussedthroughout
PrejudiceintheModernWorld:Almanac.
Prejudice in the Modern World Reference
Library
Prejudice in the Modern World: Almanac is only one component of the
three-partPrejudiceintheModernWorldReferenceLibrary.Theother
twotitlesinthissetare:
PrejudiceintheModernWorld:Biographiespresentsthelifestories
oftwenty-fivediverseanduniqueindividualswhoplayedkeyrolesinthe
history of prejudice. Some were prominent national leaders in fighting
well-established prejudices while some promoted prejudices in order to
pursuetheirownpoliticalandeconomicgain.Otherfigureswereactivists
combatingthevarioustypesofprejudice.ProfilesincludePaulKagame,
president of Rwanda; Saddam Hussein, president of Iraq; Golda Meir,
prime minister of Israel; Wilma Mankiller, chairperson of the Cherokee
Nation; social activists Gloria Steinem, Cesar Chavez, Mine Obuko, and
Mahatma Gandhi. Other biography subjects range from Nazi German
military leader Heinrich Himmler, the primary instigator of the
Holocaust,totheDalaiLama,theTibetanspiritualleaderwhopromoted
religioustolerance.
Prejudice in the Modern World: Primary Sources tells various
stories in the words of the people who fought prejudice, acted out
prejudices, and those who were the victims of prejudice. Sixteen
excerpted documents touch on a wide range of topics on prejudice.
PrejudiceintheModernWorld:Almanac ix
READER’SGUIDE
Includedareexcerptsfrompublisheddiaries,nationalmagazineandnews
articles,reportsproducedbytheUnitedNationsandhumanrightswatch
groups,publishedinterviews,andWebsitesdedicatedtotheelimination
ofprejudiceineverydaylife.
AcumulativeindexofallthreetitlesinthePrejudiceintheModern
WorldReferenceLibraryisalsoavailable.
Acknowledgements
These volumes are dedicated to our new granddaughter Jenna Grace
Hanes. May she grow up to enjoy a world far less shaped by the
destructiveconsequencesofprejudice.
Special thanks are due to Dr. Mick Bollenbaugh and Matt May for
theircontributionstotheAlmanacvolume.
Comments and Suggestions
WewelcomeyourcommentsonPrejudiceintheModernWorld:Almanac
and suggestions for other topics to consider. Please write: Editors,
Prejudice in the Modern World: Almanac, U(cid:2)X(cid:2)L, 27500 Drake Rd.
Farmington Hills, Michigan 48331-3535; call toll free: 1-800-877-
4253;faxto(248)699-8097;orsende-mailviahttp://www.gale.com.
x PrejudiceintheModernWorld:Almanac