UV-Visible Photocatalysis for Clean Energy Production and Pollution Remediation: Materials, Reaction Mechanisms, and Applications

374 Pages·2023·6.851 MB·English

by  Wang X., Anpo M., Fu X. (ed.)

UV-VisiblePhotocatalysisforCleanEnergyProduction
andPollutionRemediation
UV-Visible Photocatalysis for Clean Energy
Production and Pollution Remediation
Materials, Reaction Mechanisms, and Applications
Edited by Xinchen Wang, Masakazu Anpo, and Xianzhi Fu
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v
Contents
UV-VisiblePhotocatalysisforCleanEnergyProductionand
PollutionRemediation:Materials,ReactionMechanisms,and
Applications–APreface xv
ListofContributors xix
1 Introduction 1
XinchenWang,MasakazuAnpo,andXianzhiFu
1.1 ChallengesandObjectivesintheUseofSolarEnergy 1
1.2 BriefHistoryoftheProgressinPhotocatalystsandPhotocatalytic
Reactions 2
1.3 BriefIntroductionoftheChapters 4
1.4 ConclusionandPerspectives 6
References 6
PartI FundamentalsofPhotocatalysis 9
2 Visible-LightActivePhotocatalystsinPollutantDegradation/
ConversionwithSimultaneousHydrogenProduction 11
AmeneNaseri,MorasaeSamadi,andAlirezaZ.Moshfegh
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 PrinciplesofSimultaneousPhotocatalysis 13
2.2.1 Dual-Functionalvs.ConventionalPhotocatalysts 13
2.2.2 ReactionEfficiencyEvaluation 15
2.3 CooperationPhotocatalystsforOrganicPollutant
Degradation/ConversionandH FuelProduction 16
2
2.3.1 PhotocatalystDesign 16
2.3.2 OrganicSubstrateType 19
2.3.3 ReactionConditions 21
2.4 Conclusions 23
Acknowledgment 24
References 24
vi Contents
3 SelectiveOxidationofAlcoholsUsingCarbonNitride
Photocatalysts 27
OleksandrSavateev
3.1 Introduction 27
3.2 Heptazine-BasedGraphiticCarbonNitrides 28
3.3 MechanismofAlcoholsOxidationbyCarbonNitrides 29
3.4 ImprovingSelectivityofAlcoholsOxidation 32
3.4.1 OptimizingReactionTimeandConversionofAlcohol 32
3.4.2 SubstitutingO byOtherOxidants 35
2
3.4.3 CombiningCarbonNitridePhotocatalystwithH EvolvingCatalyst 36
2
3.4.4 EmployingPhoto-ChargeableIonicCarbonNitridesUnderAnaerobic
Conditions 36
3.5 Conclusion 38
References 38
4 ApplicationofS-SchemeHeterojunctionPhotocatalyst 41
ChuanbiaoBieandJiaguoYu
4.1 Introduction 41
4.2 HydrogenEvolution 44
4.3 CarbonDioxideReduction 46
4.4 PollutantDegradation 48
4.5 HydrogenPeroxideProduction 50
4.6 DisinfectionandSterilization 52
4.7 OrganicSynthesis 54
4.8 ConclusionandOutlook 55
References 56
5 TheRoleoftheDefectsonthePhotocatalyticReactionson
ZnO 59
ZhongmingWang,WenxinDai,andXianzhiFu
5.1 Introduction 59
5.2 TypesofSurfaceDefectsandTheirElectricalStructure 60
5.2.1 OxygenVacancies 60
5.2.2 ZincVacancies 60
5.2.3 InterstitialOxygenandZinc 61
5.3 ControllablePreparationandCharacterizationofSurfaceVacancy
Defects 62
5.3.1 ControllablePreparationofSurfaceVacancyDefects 62
5.3.1.1 FormationofVacancyDefectsviaAnnealingatDifferentConditions 62
5.3.1.2 FormationofVacancyDefectsviaMetalandNonmetalDoping 63
5.3.1.3 FormationofZnOwithVacancyDefectsviaHigh-EnergyElectronsand
LightIrradiation 64
5.3.2 CharacterizationofSurfaceVacancyDefects 64
5.3.2.1 RamanSpectroscopy 64
5.3.2.2 X-rayPhotoelectron(XPS)Spectroscopy 64
Contents vii
5.3.2.3 ElectronParamagneticResonance(EPR)Spectroscopy 65
5.3.2.4 Photoluminescence(PL)Spectra 66
5.4 MechanismofSurfaceDefectsonPhotocatalyticReactionBehavior 66
5.4.1 RolesofDefectsinGasAdsorption 66
5.4.2 DefectsFunctionasaDouble-EdgedSwordinRegulatingPhotocatalytic
Performance 69
5.4.3 DefectEngineeringRegulatesPhotocorrosionofZnO 70
5.4.3.1 RelationshipBetweenDefectsandPhotocorrosion 70
5.4.3.2 ConstructinganElectronChannelThroughElectronTransferuponthe
AdsorptionofMoleculesandItsRoleinInhibitingPhotocorrosionof
ZnO 70
5.5 ConclusionsandProspects 72
References 73
PartII PhotocatalyticSplittingofWatertoProduce
Hydrogen 77
6 StrategiesforPromotingOverallWaterSplittingwith
ParticulatePhotocatalystsviaSingle-StepVisible-Light
Photoexcitation 79
JiadongXiao,XiaopingTao,andKazunariDomen
6.1 Introduction 79
6.2 SrTiO :Al/Rh/Cr O /CoOOH:AModelParticulateOWS
3 2 3
Photocatalyst 81
6.3 CurrentStrategiesPromotingOWSwithVisible-Light-Activated
ParticulatePhotocatalysts 82
6.3.1 DefectControloftheSemiconductorMaterial 83
6.3.1.1 NewPrecursorDesigns 83
6.3.1.2 AliovalentDoping 84
6.3.2 Dual-CocatalystLoading 86
6.3.3 SurfaceNanolayerCoating 88
6.4 ConcludingRemarks 89
Acknowledgments 89
References 90
7 IntegrationofRedoxCocatalystsforPhotocatalyticHydrogen
Evolution 93
MuhammadTayyab,YujieLiu,ZehongXu,SummanAman,WenhuiYue,
RanaM.Irfan,LiangZhou,andJinlongZhang
7.1 Introduction 93
7.2 FundamentalsofDualCocatalysts 95
7.2.1 ClassificationofCocatalystsontheBasisoftheFunctional
Mechanism 95
7.2.2 TheAdvantagesoftheDesignofDualCocatalysts 96
viii Contents
7.2.3 TheEffectofRedoxCocatalystParametersonPhotocatalysis 96
7.2.4 DesignPrinciplesofDualCocatalysts 97
7.3 RecentAdvancesintheConfigurationofDualRedox
Cocatalysts/Photocatalyst 98
7.3.1 RandomDistribution 98
7.3.2 SpatiallySeparatedDistribution 99
7.3.2.1 Tip/SideDistribution 99
7.3.2.2 York-ShellDistribution 101
7.3.2.3 Facet-DependentDistribution 102
7.3.2.4 Center/EdgeDistribution 103
7.4 MajorTypesofPhotocatalyticWaterSplitting 103
7.5 Conclusions 105
References 105
8 PolymericCarbonNitride-basedMaterialsinAqueous
SuspensionsforWaterPhoto-splittingandPhoto-reformingof
BiomassAqueousSolutionstoGenerateH 109
2
E.I.García-López,G.Marcì,andL.Palmisano
8.1 Introduction 109
8.2 g-C N -basedPhotocatalystsforH Production 112
3 4 2
8.3 Conclusions 116
References 116
9 OrganicSupramolecularMaterialsforPhotocatalyticSplitting
ofWatertoProduceHydrogen 119
XianjieChenandYongfaZhu
9.1 Introduction 119
9.2 OrganicSupramolecularPhotocatalystsforWaterSplitting 121
9.2.1 PDI-basedSupramolecularPhotocatalystsforHydrogenProduction 123
9.2.2 Porphyrin-basedSupramolecularPhotocatalystsforHydrogen
Production 127
9.3 ConclusionandPerspectives 133
References 134
10 VisibleLight-responsiveTiO Thin-filmPhotocatalystsforthe
2
SeparateEvolutionofH andO fromWater 137
2 2
AswathyRajan,BernaurdshawNeppolian,andMasakazuAnpo
10.1 Introduction 137
10.1.1 FabricationofVisibleLight-responsiveTiO ThinFilms 138
2
10.1.2 CharacteristicsoftheVisibleLight-ResponsiveTiO ThinFilms
2
FabricatedbyRF–MSDepositionMethod 138
Contents ix
10.1.2.1 EffectoftheDistanceBetweentheTargetandSubstrate(D )and
T–S
SubstrateTemperature(T ) 139
S
10.1.2.2 EffectofthePressureofSputteringArGas 141
10.1.2.3 EffectofSurfaceTreatmentsontheTiO ThinFilms 142
2
10.2 PhotoelectrochemicalPropertiesofTiO ThinFilmsFabricatedby
2
RF–MSMethod 144
10.2.1 SetuptheReactorforSeparateEvolutionofH andO inthe
2 2
PhotocatalyticSplittingofH O 144
2
10.3 SeparateEvolutionofPureH andO UsingaVisibleLight-responsive
2 2
TiO Thin-filmPhotocatalystFabricatedbyRF–MSDepositionMethod
2
andtheFactorsAffectingtheEfficiency 145
10.4 TowardGreenerPathway:IntegrationoftheReactionSystemofthe
PhotocatalyticSplittingofWaterwithanArtificialPlantFactory 149
10.5 ConclusionandPerspective 150
References 151
11 DevelopmentofHighlyEfficientCdS-BasedPhotocatalystsfor
HydrogenProduction:StructuralModification,Durability,and
Mechanism 153
WeiLiandChuanyiWang
11.1 Introduction 153
11.2 CdS-BasedPhotocatalysis 154
11.2.1 Constructionofp–ntypeBi O /CdSHeterostructure 154
x y
11.2.2 ConstructionofCdS@h-BNHeterostructureonrGONanosheets 156
11.2.3 N-dopedCdSNanocatalyst 158
11.2.4 PdSingle-AtomDecoratedCdSNanocatalyst 163
11.3 SummaryandProspect 167
References 167
12 TheoreticalStudiesonPhotocatalyticH Productionfrom
2
H O 171
2
KangkangLian,ZhonghuiWang,andSenLin
12.1 Introduction 171
12.2 3DPhotocatalysts 172
12.2.1 BandStructureEngineering 172
12.2.2 CarrierSeparation 174
12.3 2DPhotocatalysts 177
12.3.1 BandStructureEngineering 177
12.3.2 CarrierSeparation 181
12.4 SummaryandPerspectives 183
Acknowledgments 184
References 184
x Contents
PartIII PhotocatalyticReductionofCO andFixationof
2
N 187
2
13 ProgressinDevelopmentofCocatalystsforthePhotocatalytic
ConversionofCO UsingH OasanElectronDonor 189
2 2
XuanwenXu,TsunehiroTanaka,andKentaroTeramura
13.1 Background 189
13.1.1 Photocatalysis 189
13.1.2 PhotocatalyticConversionofCO usingH OasanElectronDonor 189
2 2
13.2 CocatalystsMatter:HighlySelectivePhotocatalyticConversionofCO
2
UsingH OastheElectronDonor 191
2
13.2.1 MetalCocatalysts 191
13.2.1.1 ComparisonofPt,Pd,Au,Cu,Zn,andAg 191
13.2.1.2 AgNanoparticles 191
13.2.2 FactorsinfluencingthePerformanceofAgNanoparticlesas
Cocatalysts 192
13.2.2.1 Additives 192
13.2.2.2 PhotocatalystSurfaceProperties 192
13.2.2.3 Sizes,Location,andMorphologiesofAgNanoparticles 193
13.2.3 DualCocatalystsBasedonAgNanoparticles 193
13.3 NonmetalCocatalysts 194
13.4 ConclusionandPerspectives 194
References 195
14 Preparation,Characterization,andPhotocatalysts’Application
ofSilicas/SilicateswithNanospacesContainingSingle-site
Ti-oxoSpecies 199
MasashiMoritaandMakotoOgawa
14.1 Introduction 199
14.2 MaterialsVariationofSingle-siteTi-oxoSpeciesinNanospace
Materials 200
14.2.1 CharacterizationofTi-oxoSpecies 200
14.2.2 Ti-ContainingZeolitesandMesoporousSilicas/Silicates 200
14.2.3 MolecularClusterofTiSingle-SiteinSilica-BasedMaterials 204
14.2.4 OtherTi-ContainingNanospaceMaterials 205
14.3 Applications 207
14.3.1 PhotocatalyticReductionofCO withH O 207
2 2
14.3.2 OtherApplication 209
14.4 ConclusionsandFuturePerspectives 210
References 210
15 SurfaceCoordinationImprovedPhotocatalyticFixationofCO
2
over2DOxideNanosheets 213
ZhiwenWangandYujieSong
15.1 Introduction 213