Using Russian Synonyms

671 Pages·2004·5.129 MB·English

by  Terence Wade, Nijole White

Using Russian Synonyms
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Using Russian
Synonyms
TERENCE WADE
University of Strathclyde
NIJOLE WHITE
University of Strathclyde
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(cid:1)C Cambridge University Press 2004
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no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2004
Reprinted 2010
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Contents
Acknowledgements vi
List of abbreviations vii
Introduction 1
Russian Synonyms 15
Bibliography 531
Index of Russian words with frame titles 533
Index of English words with frame titles 579
v
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Acknowledgements
We wish to express our gratitude to all those who helped in the writing
of this book with advice, assistance and the provision of reference and
other materials: Svetlana Akotia, Dermot Fitzsimons and Dr Alistair
Renfrew (University of Strathclyde), Professor Valerii Mokienko
(Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald) and Professor Valentina
Chernyak of the A.I. Herzen State Pedagogical University of St
Petersburg, who was responsible for many helpful insights during
lengthy discussions that took place during visits to that city, and who
drew our attention to useful primary and secondary sources. We are also
very grateful to Dr Katharina Brett, Senior Commissioning Editor at
Cambridge University Press, both for her skilful editorial guidance
throughout the writing of the book and for arranging a visit to St
Petersburg for the purpose of consulting colleagues and researching in
that city’s libraries. Finally, we would like to thank Dr Jacqueline French
for her meticulous copy-editing, also Neil de Cort and members of the
production team.
vi
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Abbreviations
acc. accusative case
adj adjective, adjectival
cf. compare
dat. dative case
dim. diminutive
f. feminine
fig. figurative
gen. genitive case
geog. geographical
impers. impersonal
impf. imperfective
indecl. indeclinable
infin. infinitive
instr. instrumental case
lit. literal
m. masculine
mil. military
n. neuter
neg. negative
nom. nominative case
part. participle
pass. passive
pf. perfective
pl. plural
prep. prepositional case
semelf. semelfactive (of a perfective verb that denotes
an instantaneous action)
sing. singular
vii
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Using Russian Synonyms
Terence Wade, Nijole White
Book DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511840814
Online ISBN: 9780511840814
Hardback ISBN: 9780521790840
Paperback ISBN: 9780521794053
Chapter
Introduction pp. 1-14
Chapter DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511840814.001
Cambridge University Press
Introduction
1 What are synonyms?
1.1 Definition
Synonyms are lexical items (words or phrases) which are identical or
very close in meaning to each other, for example пeчaльный and
грустный ‘sad’, ясно, кaк божий дeнь and ясно, кaк двaжды двa
чeтырe ‘clear for all to see’. In theory, and in accordance with a narrow
definition of the term, synonyms are interchangeable in all contexts,
with no change of meaning. In practice, however, very few synonyms
meet this criterion, and differences exist even between the closest of
synonyms. For example, торопиться ‘to hurry’, unlike its synonym
спeшить, tends to concentrate on the physical manifestations of
haste.
The present book deals mainly with lexical groups (‘series’ or
‘frames’) that include words close in meaning to the dominant concept
(the ‘frame title’), but differing from it in certain respects. This implies a
broader interpretation of the term synonym.
1.2 Differentiation of synonyms
Synonyms may be differentiated at various levels:
(a) semantically (they convey shades of meaning additional to those
conveyed by the dominant word in the series): стрaх ‘fear’ – испуг
‘fright’ (sudden fear) – опaскa ‘wariness’ (anticipatory fear) – ужaс
‘horror’ (extreme fear), etc. (see frame title стрaх ‘fear’);
(b) collocationally (they appear in some combinations, but not in
others): зaрубeжнaя фирмa ‘foreign firm’, but зaгрaничный
пaспорт ‘a foreign passport’, инострaнныe туристы ‘foreign
tourists’, but внeшняя торговля ‘foreign trade’ (see frame title
зaгрaничный ‘foreign’);
(c) grammatically (they may combine with different cases, prepositions,
etc.): eму инкриминируют хищeниe госудaрствeнного
имущeствa ‘he is charged with the theft of state property’, их
обвинили в измeнe ‘they were accused of treason’, нe нaдо
1
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