Using LEDs, LCDs and GLCDs in Microcontroller Projects

485 Pages·2012·11.472 MB·English

by  Dogan Ibrahim(auth.)

USING LEDs, LCDs
AND GLCDs IN
MICROCONTROLLER
PROJECTS
USING LEDs, LCDs
AND GLCDs IN
MICROCONTROLLER
PROJECTS
DoganIbrahim
NearEastUniversity,Cyprus
Thiseditionfirstpublished2012
#2012,JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Ibrahim,Dogan.
UsingLEDs,LCDs,andGLCDsinmicrocontrollerprojects/DoganIbrahim.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-119-94070-8(cloth)
1. Informationdisplaysystems. 2. Liquidcrystaldevices–Automatic
control. 3. Lightemittingdiodes–Automaticcontrol. 4. Microcontrollers.
I.Title.
TK7882.I6I1852012
629.8’9–dc23
2012009481
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
PrintISBN:9781119940708
Setin10/12ptTImesbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India
Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
1 IntroductiontoMicrocontrollersandDisplaySystems 1
1.1 MicrocontrollersandMicroprocessors 2
1.2 EvolutionoftheMicrocontroller 3
1.3 PartsofaMicrocontroller 4
1.3.1 Address 4
1.3.2 ALU 5
1.3.3 AnalogueComparator 5
1.3.4 Analogue-to-DigitalConverter 5
1.3.5 Brown-outDetector 5
1.3.6 Bus 5
1.3.7 CAN 6
1.3.8 CISC 6
1.3.9 Clock 6
1.3.10 CPU 6
1.3.11 EEPROM 6
1.3.12 EPROM 6
1.3.13 Ethernet 7
1.3.14 FlashMemory 7
1.3.15 HarvardArchitecture 7
1.3.16 IdleMode 7
1.3.17 Interrupts 7
1.3.18 LCDDrivers 8
1.3.19 Pipelining 8
1.3.20 Power-onReset 8
1.3.21 PROM 8
1.3.22 RAM 8
1.3.23 Real-timeClock 8
1.3.24 Register 9
1.3.25 Reset 9
1.3.26 RISC 9
1.3.27 ROM 9
vi Contents
1.3.28 SerialInput-Output 9
1.3.29 SleepMode 9
1.3.30 SupplyVoltage 10
1.3.31 Timers 10
1.3.32 USB 10
1.3.33 Watchdog 10
1.4 DisplayDevices 10
1.4.1 LED 10
1.4.2 7-SegmentLED 11
1.4.3 OLED 12
1.4.4 LCD 12
1.5 Summary 15
Exercises 15
2 PIC18FMicrocontrollers 17
2.1 ThePIC18F2410Microcontroller 18
2.2 PIC18F2410Architecture 19
2.2.1 TheProgramMemory 21
2.2.2 TheDataMemory 21
2.2.3 PowerSupplyRequirements 22
2.2.4 OscillatorConfigurations 24
2.2.5 TheReset 30
2.2.6 ParallelI/OPorts 31
2.2.7 TimerModules 38
2.2.8 Analogue-to-DigitalConverterModule 43
2.2.9 SpecialFeaturesoftheCPU 48
2.2.10 Interrupts 49
2.2.11 PulseWidthModulatorModule 53
2.3 Summary 56
Exercises 56
3 CProgrammingLanguage 59
3.1 CLanguagesforMicrocontrollers 59
3.2 YourFirstmikroCProforPICProgram 61
3.2.1 Comments 61
3.2.2 BeginningandEndingaProgram 62
3.2.3 WhiteSpaces 63
3.2.4 VariableNames 63
3.2.5 ReservedNames 64
3.2.6 VariableTypes 64
3.2.7 Constants 66
3.2.8 EscapeSequences 68
3.2.9 VolatileVariables 69
3.2.10 AccessingBitsofaVariable 69
3.2.11 sbitType 70
3.2.12 bitType 70
Contents vii
3.2.13 Arrays 70
3.2.14 Pointers 73
3.2.15 Structures 76
3.2.16 Unions 80
3.2.17 OperatorsinmikroCProforPIC 80
3.2.18 TheFlowofControl 90
3.3 FunctionsinmikroCProforPIC 101
3.3.1 FunctionPrototypes 102
3.3.2 voidFunctions 103
3.3.3 PassingParameterstoFunctions 104
3.3.4 PassingArraystoFunctions 106
3.3.5 InterruptProcessing 106
3.4 mikroCProforPICBuilt-inFunctions 108
3.5 mikroCProforPICLibraries 109
3.5.1 ANSICLibrary 109
3.5.2 MiscellaneousLibrary 111
3.6 UsingthemikroCProforPICCompiler 111
3.6.1 mikroCProforPICIDE 112
3.6.2 CreatingaNewSourceFile 118
3.6.3 CompilingtheSourceFile 122
3.7 UsingthemikroCProforPICSimulator 123
3.7.1 SettingaBreak-Point 124
3.8 OthermikroCProforPICFeatures 126
3.8.1 ViewStatistics 126
3.8.2 ViewAssembly 127
3.8.3 ASCIIChart 127
3.8.4 USARTTerminal 127
3.8.5 SevenSegmentEditor 127
3.8.6 Help 128
3.9 Summary 128
Exercises 129
4 PICMicrocontrollerDevelopmentTools–IncludingDisplay
DevelopmentTools 131
4.1 PICHardwareDevelopmentBoards 132
4.1.1 SuperBundleDevelopmentKit 132
4.1.2 PIC18ExplorerBoard 132
4.1.3 PIC18F4XK20StarterKit 134
4.1.4 PICDEM4 135
4.1.5 PIC16F887DevelopmentKit 135
4.1.6 FUTURLECPIC18F4550DevelopmentBoard 137
4.1.7 EasyPIC6DevelopmentBoard 137
4.1.8 EasyPIC7DevelopmentBoard 139
4.2 PICMicrocontrollerDisplayDevelopmentTools 140
4.2.1 DisplayHardwareTools 140
4.2.2 DisplaySoftwareTools 143
viii Contents
4.3 UsingtheIn-CircuitDebuggerwiththeEasyPIC7DevelopmentBoard 145
4.4 Summary 149
Exercises 149
5 LightEmittingDiodes(LEDs) 151
5.1 ATypicalLED 151
5.2 LEDColours 153
5.3 LEDSizes 154
5.4 Bi-ColourLEDs 154
5.5 Tri-ColourLEDs 155
5.6 FlashingLEDs 155
5.7 OtherLEDShapes 155
5.8 7-SegmentLEDs 156
5.8.1 DisplayingNumbers 157
5.8.2 Multi-digit7-SegmentDisplays 159
5.9 AlphanumericLEDs 159
5.10 mikroCProforPIC7-SegmentLEDEditor 163
5.11 Summary 163
Exercises 164
6 LiquidCrystalDisplays(LCDs)andmikroCProforPICLCDFunctions 165
6.1 HD44780Controller 165
6.2 DisplayingUserDefinedData 168
6.3 DDRAMAddresses 169
6.4 DisplayTimingandControl 171
6.4.1 ClearDisplay 172
6.4.2 ReturnCursortoHome 172
6.4.3 CursorMoveDirection 172
6.4.4 DisplayON/OFF 172
6.4.5 CursorandDisplayShift 173
6.4.6 FunctionSet 173
6.4.7 SetCGRAMAddress 173
6.4.8 SetDDRAMAddress 173
6.4.9 ReadBusyFlag 174
6.4.10 WriteDatatoCGRAMorDDRAM 174
6.4.11 ReadDatafromCGRAMorDDRAM 174
6.5 LCDInitialisation 174
6.5.1 8-bitModeInitialisation 175
6.5.2 4-bitModeInitialisation 175
6.6 ExampleLCDDisplaySetupProgram 177
6.7 mikroCProforPICLCDFunctions 180
6.7.1 Lcd_Init 180
6.7.2 Lcd_Out 181
6.7.3 Lcd_Out_Cp 181
6.7.4 Lcd_Chr 181
Contents ix
6.7.5 Lcd_Chr_Cp 181
6.7.6 Lcd_Cmd 182
6.8 Summary 182
Exercises 183
7 GraphicsLCDDisplays(GLCD) 185
7.1 The128(cid:2)64PixelGLCD 185
7.2 OperationoftheGLCDDisplay 187
7.3 mikroCProforPICGLCDLibraryFunctions 189
7.3.1 Glcd_Init 189
7.3.2 Glcd_Set_Side 190
7.3.3 Glcd_Set_X 190
7.3.4 Glcd_Set_Page 190
7.3.5 Glcd_Write_Data 190
7.3.6 Glcd_Fill 190
7.3.7 Glcd_Dot 191
7.3.8 Glcd_Line 191
7.3.9 Glcd_V_Line 191
7.3.10 Glcd_H_Line 191
7.3.11 Glcd_Rectangle 192
7.3.12 Glcd_Rectangle_Round_Edges 192
7.3.13 Glcd_Rectangle_Round_Edges_Fill 192
7.3.14 Glcd_Box 193
7.3.15 Glcd_Circle 193
7.3.16 Glcd_Circle_Fill 194
7.3.17 Glcd_Set_Font 194
7.3.18 Glcd_Set_Font_Adv 194
7.3.19 Glcd_Write_Char 195
7.3.20 Glcd_Write_Char_Adv 195
7.3.21 Glcd_Write_Text 195
7.3.22 Glcd_Write_Text_Adv 195
7.3.23 Glcd_Write_Const_Text_Adv 196
7.3.24 Glcd_Image 196
7.4 ExampleGLCDDisplay 196
7.5 mikroCProforPICBitmapEditor 198
7.6 AddingTouch-screentoGLCDs 199
7.6.1 TypesofTouch-screenDisplays 200
7.6.2 ResistiveTouchScreens 200
7.7 Summary 203
Exercises 204
8 MicrocontrollerProgramDevelopment 205
8.1 UsingtheProgramDescriptionLanguageandFlowcharts 205
8.1.1 BEGIN–END 206
8.1.2 Sequencing 206
x Contents
8.1.3 IF–THEN–ELSE–ENDIF 206
8.1.4 DO–ENDDO 207
8.1.5 REPEAT–UNTIL 209
8.1.6 CallingSubprograms 209
8.1.7 SubprogramStructure 209
8.2 Examples 211
8.3 RepresentingforLoopsinFlowcharts 216
8.4 Summary 218
Exercises 218
9 LEDBasedProjects 219
9.1 PROJECT9.1–FlashingLED 219
9.2 PROJECT9.2–BinaryCountingUpLEDs 226
9.3 PROJECT9.3–RotatingLEDs 229
9.4 PROJECT9.4–WheelofLuckyDay 231
9.5 PROJECT9.5–RandomFlashingLEDs 239
9.6 PROJECT9.6–LEDDice 240
9.7 PROJECT9.7–ConnectingmorethanoneLEDtoaPortPin 246
9.8 PROJECT9.8–ChangingtheBrightnessofLEDs 250
9.9 PROJECT9.9–LEDCandle 264
9.10 Summary 267
Exercises 267
10 7-SegmentLEDDisplayBasedProjects 269
10.1 PROJECT10.1–SingleDigitUpCounting7-SegmentLEDDisplay 269
10.2 PROJECT10.2–DisplayaNumberon2-Digit7-SegmentLEDDisplay 271
10.3 PROJECT10.3–DisplayLotteryNumberson2-Digit7-SegmentLED
Display 278
10.4 PROJECT10.4–EventCounterUsing4-Digit7-SegmentLEDDisplay 285
10.5 PROJECT10.5–ExternalInterruptBasedEventCounterUsing4-Digit
7-SegmentLEDDisplaywithSerialDriver 292
10.6 Summary 302
Exercises 303
11 TextBasedLCDProjects 305
11.1 PROJECT11.1–DisplayingTextonLCD 305
11.2 PROJECT11.2–MovingTextonLCD 307
11.3 PROJECT11.3–CountingwiththeLCD 310
11.4 PROJECT11.4–CreatingCustomFontsontheLCD 315
11.5 PROJECT11.5–LCDDice 317
11.6 PROJECT11.6–DigitalVoltmeter 325
11.7 PROJECT11.7–TemperatureandPressureDisplay 327
11.8 PROJECT11.8–TheHigh/LowGame 333
11.9 Summary 344
Exercises 345
Contents xi
12 GraphicsLCDProjects 347
12.1 PROJECT12.1–CreatingandDisplayingaBitmapImage 347
12.2 PROJECT12.2–MovingBallAnimation 355
12.3 PROJECT12.3–GLCDDice 357
12.4 PROJECT12.4–GLCDX-YPlotting 372
12.5 PROJECT12.5–PlottingTemperatureVariationontheGLCD 374
12.6 PROJECT12.6–TemperatureandRelativeHumidityMeasurement 385
12.7 OperationoftheSHT11 386
12.8 Acknowledgement 389
12.9 Summary 400
Exercises 400
13 TouchScreenGraphicsLCDProjects 401
13.1 PROJECT13.1–TouchScreenLEDON-OFF 401
13.2 PROJECT13.2–LEDFlashingwithVariableRate 410
13.3 Summary 418
Exercises 418
14 UsingtheVisualGLCDSoftwareinGLCDProjects 419
14.1 PROJECT14.1–ToggleLED 420
14.2 PROJECT14.2–TogglemorethanOneLED 425
14.3 PROJECT14.3–MiniElectronicOrgan 426
14.4 PROJECT14.4–UsingtheSmartGLCD 430
14.5 PROJECT14.5–DecimaltoHexadecimalConverterusingtheSmartGLCD 444
14.6 Summary 452
Exercises 452
15 UsingtheVisualTFTSoftwareinGraphicsProjects 453
15.1 PROJECT15.1–CountdownTimer 454
15.2 PROJECT15.2–ElectronicBook 462
15.3 PROJECT15.3–PictureShow 467
15.4 Summary 472
Exercises 472
Bibliography 473
Index 475