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Using Google App Engine Using Google App Engine Charles Severance Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo Using Google App Engine by Charles Severance Copyright © 2009 Charles Severance. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://my.safaribooksonline.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or [email protected]. Editor: Mike Loukides Indexer: Fred Brown Production Editor: Loranah Dimant Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery Copyeditor: Nancy Kotary Interior Designer: David Futato Proofreader: Nancy Reinhardt Illustrator: Robert Romano Printing History: May 2009: First Edition. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Using Google App Engine, the image of a great gray shrike, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information con- tained herein. ISBN: 978-0-596-80069-7 [M] 1241457704 Table of Contents Preface ..................................................................... xi 1. Programming on the Web ................................................ 1 The Request/Response Cycle 3 What Is Google App Engine? 5 What Is a “Cloud”? 6 Why Did Google Build App Engine and Give It Away for Free? 7 What Is the Google Infrastructure Cloud? 8 Enter the Application Engine 9 Your Application Must Be a Good Citizen in the Google Cloud 10 How the Cloud Runs Your Application 11 Why You Really Want to Run in the Cloud 12 The Simplest App Engine Application 13 Summary 14 Exercises 15 2. HTML and CSS ......................................................... 17 A Brief History of HTML and CSS 18 HyperText Markup Language (HTML) 18 A Well-Formed HTML Document 20 Validating Your HTML 22 HyperText Links (Anchor Tags) 23 Multiple Files 25 Lists in HTML 26 Specifying Styles Using CSS 27 Styling Tags with CSS 27 Exerting More Control over Markup 30 Validating CSS 32 Tools to Help You Work with CSS 33 Building the Navigation Menu 34 The CSS Box Model 37 Adding Navigation Hints for Users 39 v Summary 40 Exercises 42 3. Python ............................................................... 43 What Is Programming? 43 About Python 44 Installing Python 45 The Essence of Programming 46 Input, Processing, and Output 47 Conditional Steps: A Number-Guessing Web Application 48 Variables and Expressions 52 Naming Variables 53 Constants 54 Handling Text Data Using Strings 55 Using the String Library 56 Types and Conversion 57 Variables with Many Values at the Same Time: Lists 59 Repeated Code: Loops 60 Python’s Backpack: Dictionaries 63 Looping Through a Dictionary 64 Stored and Reused Code: Python Functions 65 Turning Traceback to Our Advantage Using Try and Except 68 Object-Oriented Python 70 Comments in Python 71 The Tao of Programming 71 Summary 72 Exercises 72 4. Sending Data to Your Application ......................................... 75 Making an HTTP Request 75 Hacking the HTTP Protocol 77 The HTTP Protocol Standards 79 Watching HTTP in Action 79 HTML: Building a Form 81 Sending Form Data to the Server Using POST 82 Handling Form Data in the App Engine Server 83 Sending Form Data to the Server Using GET 87 App Engine Log 88 Looking at All the Data Available on an HTTP Request 89 Advanced: Multipart POST Data with File Upload 93 Summary 96 Exercises 96 vi | Table of Contents 5. The App Engine webapp Framework ...................................... 99 A Trivial App Engine Application 99 An Equivalent Trivial webapp Application 100 The Handler Callback Pattern 102 Looking at the Handler Code 102 What Is “self” and Why Is It There? 103 Number Guessing Using the webapp Framework 105 Web Server Logs 109 Summary 112 Exercises 112 6. Templates ........................................................... 113 Template Syntax 113 Using the Templates from Python 114 The Number-Guessing Game Using Templates 116 Abstraction and Separation of Concerns: “Model View Controller” 118 Building a Multiscreen Application 118 Static Files in App Engine 120 Referencing Static Files 121 Generalizing Template Lookup with Multiple Templates 121 Extending Base Templates 123 Conditional Processing Templates 125 Replacing More Than One Block in the Base Template 129 Extending Our Application 131 Syntax Errors 139 More on Templates 141 Summary 141 Exercises 141 7. Cookies and Sessions .................................................. 143 HTTP Cookies 143 Logging In and Logging Out Using Sessions 145 Installing the Simple Session Utility 146 Using the Session to Mark Login and Logout 146 Changing the User Interface for a Logged-In User 148 Summary 150 Exercises 150 8. App Engine Datastore ................................................. 153 The Model-View-Controller Pattern 153 Defining Models 154 Adding a New Account Form 155 Adding a User Account 156 Table of Contents | vii Looking Through the Datastore 159 Logging In and Checking Accounts and Passwords 160 Retrieving and Displaying Many Objects 161 Terminology: Different Types of Keys 164 References Between Data Models 165 Interactions Between Models 166 Putting the Primary Key into Session 168 Adding the Chat Feature 169 Summary 174 Exercises 174 9. JavaScript, jQuery, and AJAX ............................................ 177 jQuery 178 Create a View of the Chat Messages in HTML 178 Asynchronously Updating a <div> Using AJAX 181 Summary 183 Exercises 183 10. Running Your Application on the Google Infrastructure ..................... 185 Application Engine Accounts 185 Creating an Application on App Engine 186 Uploading Your Application 187 Testing Your Application 187 Logs, Statistics, and Other Features 188 Uploading New Versions 190 Collaboration on Applications 191 Summary 192 Exercises 192 11. Memory Cache ....................................................... 193 The Rules of Memory Cache 194 Using the Memory Cache 195 Using the Application Console to Examine Memory Cache 196 Using a Memory Cache in Your Application 197 Building a Session Store Using Memory Cache 198 Sessions and Memory Cache 202 Summary 204 Exercises 204 A. Installing and Running Google App Engine on Windows XP .................. 205 B. Installing and Running Google App Engine on Windows Vista ................ 213 viii | Table of Contents

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